朱國輝,段傳志,李西鋒,張炘,何旭英,李維,賴凌峰,陳敏
·神經(jīng)介入Neurointervention·
小腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞治療
朱國輝,段傳志,李西鋒,張炘,何旭英,李維,賴凌峰,陳敏
目的探討血管內(nèi)栓塞治療小腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形(AVM)伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤的技術(shù)要點(diǎn)及臨床效果。方法回顧性分析就診于我科、診斷為小腦AVM患者142例,其中42例伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤。將患者分為伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤組和不伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤組,采用單因素及多因素分析方法研究兩組病例的性別、年齡、是否伴有出血、畸形團(tuán)位置、大小及是否伴有深靜脈引流。結(jié)果42例患者共伴發(fā)61個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,其中位于畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)14個(gè),位于供血?jiǎng)用}上47個(gè)?;螆F(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與畸形團(tuán)破裂出血及伴有深靜脈引流密切相關(guān)。42例患者栓塞治療后隨訪期間,未見復(fù)發(fā)出血。結(jié)論為了降低遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)出血發(fā)生率,栓塞治療小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者時(shí)應(yīng)圍繞動(dòng)脈瘤處理制定治療措施。
小腦;動(dòng)靜脈畸形;動(dòng)脈瘤;栓塞,治療性
腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形(AVM)為先天性疾病,多于青壯年期發(fā)病,臨床表現(xiàn)主要為腦出血或癲癇[1]。后顱窩AVM占7%~15%,較其它部位出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。小腦AVM位置特殊,其出血所致后果較之相同出血量的其它部位AVM更為嚴(yán)重[2],伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤比例也較其它部位高,被認(rèn)為是AVM破裂出血的一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。本文收集南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科自1997年至2014年收治的小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者的臨床資料,就其血管內(nèi)栓塞治療技術(shù)要點(diǎn)及療效作一回顧性分析與探討。
表1142 例小腦AVM患者單因素與多因素分析
1.1臨床資料
收集南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院1997年至2014年收治的小腦AVM患者臨床資料,腦部其它部位AVM或小腦AVM伴發(fā)硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺、伴發(fā)非相關(guān)性動(dòng)脈瘤患者均予以排除。共有142例小腦AVM患者納入,其中伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤者有42例(表1)。
1.2治療方法
142例小腦AVM患者均接受全身麻醉,采用Seldinger技術(shù)行股動(dòng)脈插管入路小腦AVM血管內(nèi)栓塞治療,栓塞材料選用Glubran膠或Onyx膠。對(duì)伴有畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤患者,在栓塞畸形團(tuán)的同時(shí)栓塞動(dòng)脈瘤;對(duì)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤患者,則用彈簧圈栓塞后再行畸形團(tuán)栓塞,必要時(shí)植入支架輔助并服用抗血小板藥物;對(duì)不能一次性完全栓塞患者行分次栓塞,間隔為8~12周。
1.3隨訪
患者畸形團(tuán)及動(dòng)脈瘤完全栓塞后6個(gè)月復(fù)查腦血管造影,確保無畸形團(tuán)復(fù)發(fā)后門診隨訪有無復(fù)發(fā)出血。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
將患者按是否伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤分為兩組,分別對(duì)性別、年齡、是否伴有出血、畸形團(tuán)位置、大小及是否伴有深靜脈引流等因素作統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗(yàn)行單因素分析,用Logistic回歸分析行多因素分析。P<0.05定義為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
42例小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者中男性29例,女性13例,平均年齡為(31.9±16.9)歲;共有61個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤(1~4個(gè)/例),平均直徑4.13 mm(1~8 mm),位于畸形團(tuán)供血?jiǎng)用}上有47個(gè),位于畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)有14個(gè)。對(duì)畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤患者,用醫(yī)用膠栓塞畸形團(tuán)的同時(shí)栓塞動(dòng)脈瘤;對(duì)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤,則用彈簧圈栓塞后再行醫(yī)用膠栓塞畸形團(tuán)。單因素及多因素分析顯示,畸形團(tuán)是否伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤與畸形團(tuán)破裂出血、伴有深靜脈引流密切相關(guān)(表1)。1例小腦AVM伴發(fā)2個(gè)畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤及2個(gè)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤患者的處理例外,術(shù)中考慮到畸形團(tuán)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈形態(tài)規(guī)則,且出血源于畸形血管團(tuán),故先行栓塞畸形團(tuán)及畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤留待2個(gè)月后復(fù)查后再進(jìn)一步處理,結(jié)果在隨訪期發(fā)現(xiàn)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤自動(dòng)消失(圖1)。
142例患者術(shù)后平均隨訪62個(gè)月(3~156個(gè)月),42例小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者中未見復(fù)發(fā)出血,100例單純小腦AVM患者中復(fù)發(fā)出血13例。
腦AVM相關(guān)動(dòng)脈瘤與畸形團(tuán)破裂出血是否相關(guān),目前尚存在爭議。Thompson等[4]研究認(rèn)為AVM畸形團(tuán)伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤并未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn);da Costa等[5]則研究認(rèn)為畸形團(tuán)伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤可增加破裂出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本組病例分析發(fā)現(xiàn),畸形團(tuán)破裂出血與相關(guān)動(dòng)脈瘤密切相關(guān)。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示,AVM畸形團(tuán)伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤比率為2.7%~24.5%[3,6]。與腦其它部位AVM相比,小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤比率較高[3]。本組病例中伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤者比率為29.6%(42/142),符合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。小腦AVM相關(guān)動(dòng)脈瘤通常呈血流相關(guān)性[7],影像學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)后循環(huán)及小腦血流速度較其它部位更快,進(jìn)而對(duì)血管的血流剪切力更大[8],血管遭受的損害隨著時(shí)間推移而積累,因此較其它部位血管更有可能出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈瘤[9]。同樣,小腦AVM破裂出血較其它部位更為高發(fā)[4]。
圖1 左側(cè)小腦AVM伴發(fā)多個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤血管內(nèi)栓塞治療
Gao等[10]研究認(rèn)為,小腦AVM畸形團(tuán)供血?jiǎng)用}內(nèi)血壓隨著畸形團(tuán)完全栓塞而增高,進(jìn)而增加供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但Redekop等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),快速而紊亂的血流較血壓更易引起畸形團(tuán)供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血。圖1所示小腦AVM患者畸形團(tuán)在完全栓塞后,其伴發(fā)的供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤在隨后隨訪期內(nèi)便自動(dòng)消失,也印證了Redekop的上述觀點(diǎn)。
本組42例小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者經(jīng)過積極處理,隨訪中均未見復(fù)發(fā)出血。小腦AVM伴發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者治療過程中,應(yīng)將動(dòng)脈瘤處理放在首位考慮[12]。畸形團(tuán)內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤及已確定破裂的供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,應(yīng)予以首先處理,隨后再處理畸形團(tuán)[13]。對(duì)形態(tài)不規(guī)則的未破裂供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤,也應(yīng)考慮首先予以栓塞,然后再處理畸形團(tuán);靠近畸形團(tuán)的供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤通常為假性動(dòng)脈瘤,可在栓塞畸形團(tuán)時(shí)一并予以栓塞[14]。對(duì)形態(tài)規(guī)則的未破裂供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤,則可分3種情況:①先栓塞動(dòng)脈瘤,再栓塞畸形團(tuán)[15];②供血?jiǎng)用}上動(dòng)脈瘤難以栓塞而畸形團(tuán)可一次性完全栓塞時(shí),可先處理畸形團(tuán),動(dòng)脈瘤留待下一步處理[12];③動(dòng)脈瘤難以栓塞而畸形團(tuán)又難以一次性完全栓塞時(shí),可予以開顱夾閉動(dòng)脈瘤后行畸形血管團(tuán)切除、栓塞或伽馬刀放射治療[16]。
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Interventional embolization therapy for cerebellar arteriovenous malformations associated withaneurysm
ZHU Guo-hui,DUAN Chuan-zhi,LI Xi-feng,ZHANG Xin,HE Xu-ying,LI Wei,LAI Lingfeng,CHEN Min.Department of Neurosurgery,Zhujiang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,Guangdong Province 510282,China
DUAN Chuan-zhi,E-mail:doctor_duanzj@163.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical effect of endovascular embolization for the treatment of cerebellar arteriouvenous malformations(AVMs)associated with aneurysm,and to discuss its technical points. MethodsThe clinical data of 142 patients with cerebellar AVMs were retrospectively analyzed.Of the 142 patients,42 had concomitant aneurysms.The patients were divided into concomitant aneurysm group and without aneurysm group.Using univariate and multivariate statistical models,the patient's gender and age,the presence or absence of hemorrhage,the lesion's location and size,and the presence or absence of deep venous drainage were analyzed.ResultsA total of 61 concomitant aneurysms were detected in the 42 patients,which were located within the malformation mass(n=14)or on the feeding artery(n=47).The concomitant aneurysms located in the malformation were closely related to AVM hemorrhage and the deep venous drainage.During the follow-up period after endovascular embolization,no recurrence of bleeding was observed in all the 42 patients.ConclusionIn order to reduce the relapse rate of hemorrhage,the formulation of therapeutic measures should be based on the management of the concomitant aneurysm when endovascular embolization treatment is employed for AVM associated with aneurysm.(J Intervent Radiol,2015,24:369-372)
cerebellum;arteriovenous malformation;aneurysm;embolization,therapeutic
R743.3
A
1008-794X(2015)-05-0369-04
2014-11-19)
(本文編輯:邊佶)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2015.05.001
510280廣州南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科
段傳志E-mail:doctor_duanzj@163.com