何卉蓉

比較級就是將兩者進(jìn)行比較產(chǎn)生的詞形，是由原級轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，在英語中通常用下列方式表示的詞：在形容詞或副詞前加more或加后綴-er。典型的比較級是指形容詞或副詞所表示的質(zhì)、量或關(guān)系的增加或減少。英語句子中，將比較兩個主體的方法叫做“比較句型”。組成句子的方式是將形容詞或副詞變化成比較級的形態(tài)。

一、注意比較級中的同類比較。

在比較級中作比較的對象必須是同一類別，非同類的事物不能進(jìn)行比較。如：

誤：My cake is bigger than you.

正：My cake is bigger than yours （your cake）.

一般說來，相比較的事物為了避免與than后面的比較對象重復(fù)，常用that或those來代替。不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)名詞用that代替，復(fù)數(shù)名詞多用those代替。如：

誤：The weather in the south is always hotter than in the north.

正：The weather in the south is always hotter than that in the north.

二、注意than后人稱代詞的格，在比較級中一般主格與主格相比，賓格與賓格相比。

1. 句中謂語動詞是不及物動詞時(shí)，than后面的動詞應(yīng)省略，后面的代詞用主格或賓格其意義并無區(qū)別。如：

She runs faster than he （him）.

He comes to school earlier than us （we）.

2. 句中謂語動詞是及物動詞時(shí)，后面人稱代詞的主格、賓格不同，意義也不同。如：

I like you more than he.

（=I like you more than he likes you.）

3. 若代詞后接all作同位語，代詞用賓格。如：

誤：Tom draws better than they all.

正：Tom draws better than them all.

三、注意than前后的謂語動詞的一致性。

若句中含有be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞，than后的動詞與其一致；若句中不含有這些動詞，則用do的適當(dāng)形式，即do，does，did。如：

誤：Jim runs faster than Tom is.

正：Jim runs faster than Tom does.

誤：Im much taller than he does.

正：Im much taller than he is.

四、當(dāng)比較的雙方在同一范圍內(nèi)，注意要加other一詞，將比較的一方從被比較的一方排除在外。否則，就會出現(xiàn)與自身相比較的矛盾現(xiàn)象。

譯：英語比其它任何學(xué)科更受歡迎。

誤：English is more popular than any subject.

正：English is more popular than any other subject.

這種句子在形式上是比較級，但在意義上是最高級。通常，同樣的意思會有多種表達(dá)方式。

譯：他是班上最高的學(xué)生。

①Of all the students in his class he is the tallest.

②He is taller than any other student in his class.

③He is taller than any of the other students in his class.

④He is taller than any of others in his class.

⑤He is taller than any one else in his class.

⑥He is taller than the others in his class.

但是，若比較雙方不在同一范圍內(nèi)，就不需要用other來加以排除了。如：

Beijing is larger than any city in Africa. （北京不在非洲，故any后不用other。）

五、注意運(yùn)用as ... as結(jié)構(gòu)。

1. 在原級比較中，否定句可用not so （as） ... as，而肯定句只能用as ... as，這時(shí)，形容詞或副詞不用比較級，只用原級。如：

誤：English is so useful as Chinese.

正：English is as useful as Chinese.

2. 使用not so （as） ... as時(shí)，如果句子謂語是實(shí)義動詞，not應(yīng)與do的相應(yīng)形式連用，而不能直接用在謂語動詞后。如：

誤：He gets up not so （as） early as Tom.

正：He doesnt get up so （as） early as Tom.

3. not so （as） ... as可以和less than互換。

譯：日語沒有英語那樣受歡迎。

①Japanese is not as popular as English.

②Japanese is not so popular as English.

③Japanese is less popular than English.

④English is more popular than Japanese.

4. as ... as中后一個as不能受漢語的影響而改為like或than。如：

誤：Jim is not as careful like his brother.

正：Jim is not as careful as his brother.

誤：This bag is as heavy than that one.

正：This bag is as heavy as that one.

5. as ... as后接人稱代詞時(shí)，正式文體中多用主格，非正式文體中多用賓格。但是，若代詞后有動詞，則只能用主格。如：

Tom is as old as I/me.

Tom is as old as I am.（不用me）

六、常用much，even，a little，still，a lot等表示程度的副詞來修飾比較級，而very，to，so及quite（表示身體健康狀況的quite，better除外），不可用來修飾比較級。如：

誤：This box is very heavier than that one.

正：This box is much heavier than that one.

但是，當(dāng)more用來修飾或替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)表示適度，需用many，a few或數(shù)詞修飾，不用much，a little修飾。如：

誤：I have much more books than you.

正：I have many more books than you.

七、以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞比較級、最高級一般加more，most構(gòu)成。

如：more carefully， most carefully， more slowly， most slowly，但early一詞中的-ly不是詞尾，不可加more，most，而應(yīng)改y為i，再加-er，-est構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。如：

誤：Tom is always the most early one to get to school.

正：Tom is always the earliest one to get to school.

八、用“比較級+and+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越……”時(shí)，應(yīng)注意形容詞或副詞為多音節(jié)時(shí)用“more and more+原級”，此結(jié)構(gòu)不接than從句。如：

The worlds population is growing faster and faster.

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.