周曉玲,潘磊,馬婷婷,郭蕊,王勇
伐地那非對(duì)模擬高原低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓大鼠的作用
周曉玲,潘磊,馬婷婷,郭蕊,王勇△
目的探討伐地那非防治高原低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓大鼠的效果及可能機(jī)制。方法將30只大鼠隨機(jī)分為常壓常氧對(duì)照組(C組)、低壓低氧組(P組)和低壓低氧+伐地那非組(V組),每組10只。采用低壓低氧艙模擬海拔5 000 m的高原環(huán)境(大氣壓50 kPa,氧濃度10%),P組和V組大鼠每日入艙8 h,V組大鼠每日入艙前給伐地那非1 mg/kg灌胃1次,C組和P組每日給予等劑量蒸餾水灌胃1次,共4周。4周后比較各組大鼠的平均肺動(dòng)脈壓、右心肥厚指數(shù)、肺血管顯微形態(tài)學(xué)以及血清NO、內(nèi)皮素-1(ET-1)水平。結(jié)果P組的肺動(dòng)脈壓、右心肥厚指數(shù)、肺小動(dòng)脈管壁厚度占血管外徑的百分比(WT%)和管壁面積占血管總面積的百分比(WA%)顯著高于C組和V組(P<0.05),血清NO低于C組和V組(P<0.05),ET-1高于C組和V組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論伐地那非能降低高原肺動(dòng)脈高壓的肺動(dòng)脈壓力,減輕肺血管及右心重構(gòu)。
高血壓,肺性;磷酸二酯酶抑制劑;一氧化氮;內(nèi)皮縮血管肽1;高原性肺動(dòng)脈高壓;伐地那非
高原低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓(high altitude hypoxia pulmonary hypertension,HAPH)是高原地區(qū)臨床常見的病理生理過程,其產(chǎn)生及嚴(yán)重程度影響疾病病程及預(yù)后[1-2]。我國(guó)幅員遼闊、地形復(fù)雜,海拔3 000 m以上地域占國(guó)土面積的1/6,高原常住人口數(shù)千萬,HAPH嚴(yán)重威脅高原地區(qū)人們的健康,并且隨著高原地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)及旅游的發(fā)展,越來越多的人們?nèi)ネ咴貐^(qū),因此HAPH的防治意義重大。
目前,治療特發(fā)性肺動(dòng)脈高壓的靶向藥物主要包括前列環(huán)素類藥物、內(nèi)皮素受體拮抗藥和5型磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)抑制藥物[3]。研究表明上述藥物也可用于HAPH的治療,但作用效果還存在一定爭(zhēng)議[4-5]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)伐地那非在抑制PDE5方面更強(qiáng)效[6-7],因此可能在防治HAPH方面有更樂觀的臨床應(yīng)用前景,但目前國(guó)內(nèi)外尚缺少相關(guān)報(bào)道。本研究通過建立HAPH動(dòng)物模型,旨在探討伐地那非防治HAPH的效果及可能機(jī)制。
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組雄性SPF級(jí)SD大鼠30只,體質(zhì)量200~250 g,購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。抽簽法隨機(jī)分為常壓常氧對(duì)照組(C組)、低壓低氧組(P組)、低壓低氧+伐地那非組(V組),每組10只。采用低壓低氧艙模擬海拔5 000 m的高原環(huán)境(大氣壓50 kPa,氧濃度10%),P組和V組大鼠每日入艙8 h,持續(xù)4周。V組大鼠每日入艙前給伐地那非1 mg/kg灌胃1次,共4周。C組和P組每日給予等劑量蒸餾水灌胃1次。C組于同一實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)的常壓常氧環(huán)境飼養(yǎng)。
1.2肺動(dòng)脈壓力的測(cè)定4周后腹腔內(nèi)注射戊巴比妥鈉40 mg/kg麻醉大鼠。連接動(dòng)物呼吸機(jī),呼吸頻率30次/min,潮氣量10 mL/kg,自大鼠右側(cè)頸外靜脈插入直徑為1~2 mm充有肝素溶液(0.9%氯化鈉溶液+10 U/mL肝素)的聚乙烯塑料微導(dǎo)管,導(dǎo)管的另一端與微型壓力傳感器相連監(jiān)測(cè)壓力變化,在壓力波形的引導(dǎo)下,導(dǎo)管經(jīng)上腔靜脈進(jìn)入右房、三尖瓣口、右室,最后進(jìn)入肺動(dòng)脈干,測(cè)定平均肺動(dòng)脈壓(mPAP)。
1.3右心室(RV)肥厚指標(biāo)的測(cè)定處死大鼠,剖胸取出大鼠心臟,觀察心臟結(jié)構(gòu),剪去心房組織。沿室間隔邊緣分離出RV和左心室(LV)+室間隔(S),用濾紙吸干水分后稱RV和LV+S的質(zhì)量,以右心肥厚指數(shù)[RV/(LV+S)×100%]來反映RV的肥厚程度。
1.4肺組織形態(tài)學(xué)檢測(cè)切取右上肺,于10%中性福爾馬林液中固定48 h,沿肺門橫斷取材,石蠟包埋4 μm連續(xù)切片,分別進(jìn)行HE染色和彈力纖維染色。每只小鼠隨機(jī)選5張肺組織切片,每張切片隨機(jī)讀取斷面積較圓的直徑50~100 μm左右的肺小動(dòng)脈8~10條,用PIPS-2020型圖像分析儀進(jìn)行圖像分析,測(cè)定肺小動(dòng)脈外徑(ED)、肺小動(dòng)脈平均血管總面積(TA)、血管管腔面積(VA)、動(dòng)脈中層壁厚(WT)。計(jì)算小動(dòng)脈平均血管壁面積與血管總面積的百分比(WA%)= (TA-VA)/TA×100%,血管壁厚度百分比(WT%)=(2WT)/ED× 100%。
1.5血清NO、內(nèi)皮素-1(ET-1)的檢測(cè)取血2 mL,3 000 r/ min離心10 min,留血清。應(yīng)用雙抗體夾心法測(cè)定標(biāo)本中大鼠血清NO、ET-1水平,操作嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用軟件SPSS 16.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,采用方差分析進(jìn)行組間比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1伐地那非對(duì)肺動(dòng)脈壓及右心肥厚程度的影響P組的肺動(dòng)脈壓和右心肥厚程度顯著高于C組和V組(P<0.05),見表1。而V組的右心肥厚指數(shù)與C組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamics and right ventricular mass index between three groups of rats表1 各組大鼠血液動(dòng)力學(xué)及右心肥厚指數(shù)比較(±s)
Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamics and right ventricular mass index between three groups of rats表1 各組大鼠血液動(dòng)力學(xué)及右心肥厚指數(shù)比較(±s)
*P<0.05;a與C組比較,b與P組比較,P<0.05
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2.2伐地那非對(duì)肺組織形態(tài)學(xué)的影響C組大鼠肺小動(dòng)脈管壁菲薄,管腔大;而P組大鼠則表現(xiàn)出明顯的肺小動(dòng)脈重構(gòu)的特征,即肺小動(dòng)脈管壁普遍明顯增厚,以動(dòng)脈管壁中層即內(nèi)外彈力纖維膜之間的平滑肌層增厚為主,血管管腔明顯狹窄。V組大鼠肺小動(dòng)脈重建的特征不明顯,肺小動(dòng)脈管壁增厚不明顯,血管管腔也沒有明顯狹窄表現(xiàn),見圖1、2。P組肺動(dòng)脈WT%和WA%均高于C組和V組(P<0.01),見表2。
Tab.2 Comparison of WT%and WA%between three groups表2各組大鼠WT%和WA%比較?。ā纒)
Tab.2 Comparison of WT%and WA%between three groups表2各組大鼠WT%和WA%比較?。ā纒)
**P<0.01;a與C組比較,b與P組比較,P<0.05
組別C組P組V組F WA% 44.82±2.68 80.81±3.80a54.23±3.92b282.562**n 10 10 10 WT% 22.92±2.22 53.97±4.57a35.82±6.07b116.497**
2.3伐地那非對(duì)血清NO、ET-1水平的影響P組大鼠血清NO低于C組和V組,ET-1高于C組和V組(均P<0.05),見表3。
Tab.3 Comparison of serum levels of NO and ET-1 between three groups表3 各組大鼠血清NO、ET-1水平比較 (±s)
Tab.3 Comparison of serum levels of NO and ET-1 between three groups表3 各組大鼠血清NO、ET-1水平比較 (±s)
*P<0.05;a與C組比較,b與P組比較,P<0.05
組別C組P組V組F ET-1(U/mL)23.88±2.69 39.45±1.73a25.88±5.37b55.108*n 10 10 10 NO(U/mL)32.58±2.36 16.28±5.22a25.25±2.63b50.301*
在高原地區(qū)慢性持續(xù)性缺氧條件下,機(jī)體出現(xiàn)缺氧性肺血管收縮,肺血管結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生重構(gòu),從而形成持續(xù)的缺氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致右心室后負(fù)荷增加和右心室肥大,嚴(yán)重者可進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為右心衰竭[8]。PDE5是在肺組織中廣泛表達(dá)的磷酸二酯酶異構(gòu)酶,它能夠在鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶的作用下降解環(huán)磷酸鳥苷(cGMP),引起血管收縮[9]。在肺動(dòng)脈高壓形成過程中起到重要作用。
伐地那非是一種新型的選擇性磷酸二酯酶抑制藥,與傳統(tǒng)的PDE5抑制劑相比,它完全溶于水和乙醇,對(duì)PDE5的特異性作用更強(qiáng)[6-7]。近年來,有研究表明伐地那非可有效降低特發(fā)性肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者和先天性心臟病術(shù)后肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者的肺動(dòng)脈壓力,增加活動(dòng)耐力,改善右心功能[10-11]。但伐地那非在治療低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓方面鮮見報(bào)道。本研究結(jié)果顯示,預(yù)防性應(yīng)用伐地那非可有效減輕血管收縮、減輕肺血管平滑肌增殖、抑制肺血管重構(gòu)、降低肺動(dòng)脈壓,減輕右室重構(gòu),有效遏制高原肺動(dòng)脈高壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
慢性低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓形成過程中有多種因素參與,其中NO是重要的舒張血管物質(zhì),ET-1是較強(qiáng)的縮血管物質(zhì),兩者參與慢性低氧性肺動(dòng)脈高壓的形成過程[12]。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)模擬HAPH大鼠血清NO水平顯著下降,同時(shí)ET-1水平顯著升高。Fan等[7]研究表明,伐地那非可提高特發(fā)性肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者和大鼠血清中NO水平,通過NO/cGMP通路起到擴(kuò)張血管和抗增殖作用,提高機(jī)體抗氧化能力。本研究結(jié)果也提示伐地那非可有效增加血漿NO的水平,降低ET-1的水平,因而可能在降低肺動(dòng)脈壓、改善肺動(dòng)脈重塑中發(fā)揮作用。
(圖1、2見插頁)
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(2014-09-26收稿2014-11-19修回)
(本文編輯閆娟)
The effects of vardenafil on high altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats
ZHOU Xiaoling,PAN Lei,MA Tingting,GUO Rui,WANG Yong△
Department of Geratology,Hypoxia Laboratory,Beijing Shijitan Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100038,China
△Corresponding AuthorE-mail:wangyong7096@aliyun.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of vardenafil on high altitude pulmonary hypertension in rats,and the possible mechanism thereof.MethodsThirty rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group with normal-pressure and normal-oxygen(group C),pulmonary hypertension group with low-pressure and low-oxygen(group P),and the group treated by vardenafil in low-pressure and low-oxygen condition(group V).The rats of group P and group V were exposed to low-pressure and low-oxygen condition in an auto-modulating hypobaric and hypoxic cabin to simulate 5 000 m high altitude environment(air pressure 50 kPa,oxygen concentration 10%)for 8 hours daily.Vardenafil(1 mg/kg)was given by gastrogavage to rats in group V once daily for 4 weeks,while the isodose distilled water was given by gastrogavage to rats in group C and group P.The mean pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular mass index were measured respectively after 4-week treatment.Morphologic changes of peripheral pulmonary artery were detected by light microscope.The serum levels of nitric oxide(NO)and endothelin-1(ET-1)were detected as well.ResultsThe pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular mass index were significantly higher in group P than those of group C and group V(P<0.05).The ratio of vascular medial wall thickness to external diameter(WT%)and the ratio of pulmonary artery wall area to tube area(WA%)were significantly increased in group P than those of group C and group V(P<0.05).Furthermore,the serum level of NO was significantly lower in group P than that of group C and group V,but the serum level of ET-1 was significantly increased compared with that of group C and group V(P<0.05).ConclusionVardenafil can effectively reduce the pulmonary arterial pressure,and attenuate pulmonary vessels and right ventricle remodeling induced by high altitude pulmonary hypertension.
hypertension,pulmonary;phosphodiesterase inhibitors;nitric oxide;endothelin-1;high altitude pulmonary hypertension;vardenafil
R543.2
ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.03.009
北京市中醫(yī)藥科技項(xiàng)目(JJ2013-10)
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院低氧實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編100038)
周曉玲(1982),女,博士,主要從事老年醫(yī)學(xué)、低氧醫(yī)學(xué)研究
△E-mail:wangyong7096@aliyun.com