肖毓華 徐 杰
FK1706促進(jìn)外周神經(jīng)移植術(shù)后大鼠神經(jīng)軸突再生的研究*
肖毓華①徐杰①
目的:探討FK1706是否能夠促進(jìn)外周神經(jīng)移植術(shù)后大鼠神經(jīng)軸突再生。方法:20只雄性SD大鼠,行左側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng)離斷、自體橈神經(jīng)移植術(shù)。術(shù)后隨機(jī)分為兩組,A組術(shù)后當(dāng)天開始患肢局部肌肉注射FK1706(0.32 mg/kg),持續(xù)8周。B組作為對(duì)照組不施加干預(yù),僅常規(guī)喂養(yǎng)。術(shù)后8周,行大鼠左坐骨神經(jīng)再生有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)及截面積測(cè)定、神經(jīng)電生理檢測(cè)、左腓腸肌肌濕重測(cè)定。結(jié)果:A組近端有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)與B組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但遠(yuǎn)端有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)、遠(yuǎn)端纖維截面積明顯優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。A組再生有髓神經(jīng)纖維的髓鞘厚度(mt)及直徑比(d/D)明顯優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。A組復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作電位(CMAP)、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度(MNCV)及腓腸肌肌濕重明顯優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)移植術(shù)后應(yīng)用FK1706具有神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用,可加快神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。
FK1706; 營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng); 自體神經(jīng)移植; 神經(jīng)再生
First-author's address:Fujian Provincial Hospital,F(xiàn)uzhou 350001,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2015.27.005
用移植神經(jīng)的方法橋接缺損治療周圍神經(jīng)完全損傷,臨床上稱神經(jīng)移植術(shù)。人類周圍神經(jīng)的再生速度慢,神經(jīng)修復(fù)效果欠佳,臨床上希望找到一種能夠顯著促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生的藥物。
1998年國(guó)外首例異體手移植成功[1],發(fā)現(xiàn)用于抗異體免疫排斥的藥物FK506對(duì)神經(jīng)的再生有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,異體手移植的神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)顯著優(yōu)于自體斷手再植[2]?;A(chǔ)研究證實(shí)免疫抑制劑FK506對(duì)神經(jīng)有再生及保護(hù)作用[3],但其具有的免疫抑制的毒副作用限制了其在臨床神經(jīng)修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用。FK1706為FK506衍生物,是一種非免疫抑制劑。有國(guó)外研究顯示,F(xiàn)K1706有可能促進(jìn)促使軸突生長(zhǎng)的基因表達(dá)[4]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過建立大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)損傷神經(jīng)移植模型,術(shù)后應(yīng)用FK1706,探討其對(duì)神經(jīng)再生的促進(jìn)作用。
1.1試劑 二甲基亞砜:日本sigma-D2650;FK1706:南京大學(xué)醫(yī)藥生物技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室合成;藥液配置:用電子分析天平稱取FK1706粉末0.0560 g,盛于干凈燒杯中,用移液管吸取56 mL二甲基亞砜溶液放入燒杯中,充分?jǐn)嚢柚敝镣耆芙?,然后將溶液移入試劑瓶中,?biāo)記為FK1706溶液,4 ℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2神經(jīng)移植模型制備 以質(zhì)量濃度為2.5%的苯巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)行腹腔麻醉后,術(shù)區(qū)常規(guī)備皮消毒,將大鼠仰臥位固定,取左側(cè)橈神經(jīng)10 mm備用。改俯臥位固定,取左側(cè)臀部斜形切口長(zhǎng)約2 cm,鈍性分離肌肉,于梨狀肌下顯露坐骨神經(jīng)主干,用玻璃分針小心將周圍組織與坐骨神經(jīng)主干進(jìn)行鈍性分離。于梨狀肌下0.5 cm處,用刀片整齊切除8 mm長(zhǎng)的坐骨神經(jīng)。在放大10倍的手術(shù)顯微鏡下,用11-0無損傷縫合線將橈神經(jīng)與坐骨神經(jīng)兩斷端分別行端端吻合,兩個(gè)吻合處均縫4~6針,徹底止血后關(guān)閉切口。建立自體神經(jīng)移植模型,見圖1。
圖1 神經(jīng)移植模型示意圖
1.3實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與分組 成年雄性健康SD大鼠20只,體重250~300 g[由福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究中心提供,許可證號(hào):SCXK(閩)2012-0001],隨機(jī)分成實(shí)驗(yàn)組(FK1706組)和對(duì)照組,每組10只,并用苦味酸進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。所有大鼠均采用專門鼠籠分籠管理,全價(jià)營(yíng)養(yǎng)顆粒飼料喂養(yǎng),由專人統(tǒng)一飼養(yǎng),隔日更換墊料,水和食物無限制供給,飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境維持室溫20 ℃。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中對(duì)動(dòng)物的處置符合科學(xué)技術(shù)部2006年發(fā)布的《關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)性意見的要求》[5]。術(shù)后大鼠分籠,在相同條件下飼養(yǎng),自然蘇醒,并于術(shù)后當(dāng)天開始,實(shí)驗(yàn)組大鼠每日1次,于左大腿外側(cè)肌肉注射FK1706溶液0.32 mg/kg,連續(xù)給藥直至術(shù)后8周。對(duì)照組神經(jīng)移植術(shù)后不做干預(yù),常規(guī)喂養(yǎng)。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)與方法 神經(jīng)電生理測(cè)定:術(shù)后8周應(yīng)用Medtronic Keypoint肌電/誘發(fā)電位儀對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行坐骨神經(jīng)電生理檢測(cè)。以質(zhì)量濃度為2.5%的苯巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)對(duì)大鼠實(shí)施腹腔麻醉,取俯臥位固定,術(shù)區(qū)常規(guī)備皮消毒,顯露大鼠左側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng),并解剖出腓腸肌,將針形記錄電極插入腓腸肌肌腹,接地電極置于大鼠尾部。以平行刺激電極(兩極間距固定為2 mm)分別置于坐骨神經(jīng)吻合口近端坐骨結(jié)節(jié)水平(P點(diǎn))和遠(yuǎn)端坐骨神經(jīng)分支處(D點(diǎn)),進(jìn)行超強(qiáng)刺激(電流10 mA),重復(fù)刺激數(shù)次,待示波器屏幕顯示的誘發(fā)電位圖形穩(wěn)定、起點(diǎn)清楚后凍結(jié)圖形,記錄復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)作電位(Compound Motor Action Potential,CMAP),并測(cè)定其波幅,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量并輸入刺激電極間距離,計(jì)算出運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度(Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity, MNCV)。MNCV=兩次刺激電極間距離/動(dòng)作電位潛伏期差值。整個(gè)電生理檢測(cè)過程均在28 ℃室溫下進(jìn)行,并經(jīng)常用生理鹽水保持受檢肌肉處于濕潤(rùn)狀態(tài)。
有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)與截面積:肌電圖檢查完畢后,于坐骨神經(jīng)近近端吻合口3 mm、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)端吻合口3 mm處取材(大小約2~3 mm)。以質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的福爾馬林固定,切片厚0.5 μm,HE染色。用Olympus光學(xué)顯微鏡,在放大400倍的視野下,計(jì)算有髓神經(jīng)纖維總數(shù)。用TJTY-300圖像分析儀,在目鏡放大40倍、定標(biāo)值為0.38 μm/象數(shù)的條件下測(cè)定有髓神經(jīng)纖維截面積。規(guī)定1條過中心的直線,測(cè)定此直線上有髓神經(jīng)纖維的截面積。
再生有髓神經(jīng)纖維的髓鞘厚度(mt)及直徑比(d/D):于坐骨神經(jīng)近近端吻合口3 mm、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)端吻合口3 mm處及移植神經(jīng)的中點(diǎn)處取材(大小約2~3 mm)。取材后,于4 ℃環(huán)境下,先經(jīng)3%戊二醛-1.5%多聚甲醛前固定24 h,再用1%鋨酸-1.5%亞鐵氰化鉀后固定1.5 h,PBS漂洗;70%酒精飽和醋酸鈾染液塊染,酒精-丙酮梯度脫水,環(huán)氧樹脂618包埋劑包埋。超薄切片80 nm,醋酸鈾、檸檬酸鉛各染色5 min;在飛利浦EM 208型透射電鏡下觀察、攝影。每個(gè)標(biāo)本在放大1000倍的條件下,隨機(jī)選取3個(gè)視野拍攝照片。用TJTY-300圖像分析儀,在目鏡放大40倍、定標(biāo)值為0.38 μm/象數(shù)的條件下測(cè)定橢圓髓鞘的內(nèi)徑(ai、bi)、外徑(ao、bo),內(nèi)周長(zhǎng)(Pi)、外周長(zhǎng)(Po),內(nèi)面積(Ai)、外面積(Ao)。根據(jù)下列公式(圖2)計(jì)算有髓神經(jīng)纖維的髓鞘厚度(mt)和軸突纖維的直徑比(d/D)[8]。
圖2 mt和d/D的計(jì)算公式
肌濕重:鈍性分離肌肉,完整取下大鼠左側(cè)的腓腸肌,剔除表面結(jié)締組織,即刻置于Sartorius-BS224S電子分析天平上稱重,測(cè)定肌肉濕重。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用計(jì)算機(jī)軟件SPSS 17.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x-±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1一般情況 由于麻醉意外死亡2只,及時(shí)補(bǔ)齊總數(shù)。建立模型動(dòng)物均于術(shù)后2 h內(nèi)完全蘇醒,圍手術(shù)期存活率100%,實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠切口愈合良好,無切口感染情況發(fā)生。實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察期間各組大鼠進(jìn)食及健康狀況良好。
2.2兩組神經(jīng)電生理測(cè)定結(jié)果比較 術(shù)后8周,與對(duì)照組相比,F(xiàn)K1706組CMAP的波幅明顯較高,運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度更快,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組神經(jīng)電生理結(jié)果比較(±s)
表1 兩組神經(jīng)電生理結(jié)果比較(±s)
組別CMAP波幅(mV)MNCV(m/s)實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=10)7.34±1.226.07±0.95對(duì)照組(n=10)6.07±1.183.78±0.46 t值2.3576.808 P值0.030<0.001
2.3兩組有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)與截面積比較 坐骨神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端吻合口處,實(shí)驗(yàn)組再生有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)及截面積情況明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
表2 兩組有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)及橫截面積比較(±s)
表2 兩組有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)及橫截面積比較(±s)
組別 有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù) 根遠(yuǎn)端纖維截面積(μm2)近端 遠(yuǎn)端實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=10)1199.53±113.73 701.17± 78.4022.53±6.52對(duì)照組(n=10)1164.73±71.39532.78±100.6814.39±3.13 t值0.8194.1733.561 P值0.4230.0010.004
2.4兩組電鏡觀察結(jié)果比較 在透視電鏡下,觀察到坐骨神經(jīng)近近端吻合口、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)端吻合口處以及移植神經(jīng)中點(diǎn)處實(shí)驗(yàn)組的再生有髓纖維數(shù)量較多而粗大,排列較整齊有序,結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,結(jié)締組織含量少,對(duì)照組再生有髓纖維數(shù)量較少而纖細(xì),排列較稀疏,結(jié)締組織增生。兩組間再生有髓神經(jīng)纖維的髓鞘厚度與d/D比值差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
表3 兩組電鏡觀察結(jié)果比較(±s)
表3 兩組電鏡觀察結(jié)果比較(±s)
組別再生纖維髓鞘厚度(μm)再生纖維d/D比值實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=10)0.1523±0.05200.6364±0.1199對(duì)照組(n=10)0.1017±0.07730.4969±0.1396 t值2.2302.397 P值0.0390.028
2.5兩組肌濕重比較 術(shù)后8周,實(shí)驗(yàn)組腓腸肌肌濕重為(805.91±98.82)mg,重于對(duì)照組的(702.26±78.46)mg,組間比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.598,P<0.05)。
周圍神經(jīng)損傷后的功能恢復(fù)受到年齡、神經(jīng)損傷平面、損傷神經(jīng)及其類型、神經(jīng)損傷機(jī)制與程度、神經(jīng)修復(fù)時(shí)機(jī)、神經(jīng)修復(fù)技術(shù)、合并損傷、術(shù)后處理及康復(fù)訓(xùn)練等一系列因素的影響[6]。譬如,從損傷到對(duì)去神經(jīng)肌肉實(shí)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)重建之間耽誤的時(shí)間,對(duì)于功能恢復(fù)具有重要的影響[7]。許多因素決定了延誤時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短,包括損傷后開始接受治療干預(yù)的時(shí)間、損傷部位到去神經(jīng)肌肉之間的距離和神經(jīng)軸突的再生速度。軸突的再生速度大約是每日1~3 mm[8-9]。以臨床為例,上肢神經(jīng)損傷后需要再生距離通常是10~70 cm,以軸突延長(zhǎng)的速度來計(jì)算,神經(jīng)再生所需的時(shí)間高達(dá)24個(gè)月。而Mackinnon等[10]在臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),遠(yuǎn)端肌肉所能承受最長(zhǎng)的去神經(jīng)時(shí)限僅是12個(gè)月。而恢復(fù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)又可降低恢復(fù)的質(zhì)量,因而外周神經(jīng)損傷后修復(fù)一直是外科棘手的難題。
迄今為止,F(xiàn)K506是唯一表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)的加速神經(jīng)再生作用的治療手段[11]。其已被證實(shí)在一系列中樞神經(jīng)和周圍神經(jīng)損傷模型中發(fā)揮加速神經(jīng)再生和功能恢復(fù)的療效[12-20]。但由于其免疫抑制功效,限制了其臨床長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用。合成的FK1706在保留了FK506的促進(jìn)神經(jīng)修復(fù)再生特性的同時(shí),去除了免疫抑制的副作用,使其具有廣闊的臨床前景。
非免疫抑制的免疫親和素FK1706具有神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)和神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能的化合物,其合成的前身是免疫抑制劑FK506,目前針對(duì)其主要作用的兩種免疫親和配體FKBP-12和FKBP-52的研究眾多。周圍神經(jīng)損傷后,神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43(GAP-43)含量可增加20~100倍[21]。神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43(GAP-43)的活性增加,可促使神經(jīng)再生。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)K506進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi),與胞漿中的FKBP-12相結(jié)合,形成FK506-FKBP12復(fù)合物,該復(fù)合物可通過抑制對(duì)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43(GAP-43)具有抑制作用的神經(jīng)鈣蛋白(CaN)[22],進(jìn)而發(fā)揮促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)的功效。也有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,抑制神經(jīng)鈣蛋白(CaN)活性,也是發(fā)揮其免疫抑制功效的開始,這一說法尚未得到證實(shí),但是抑制神經(jīng)鈣蛋白(CaN)活性,確實(shí)具有促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)的作用。目前研究認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)KBP-12存在兩種結(jié)合配體,分別具有和不具有抑制神經(jīng)鈣蛋白(CaN)活性的作用,而限制神經(jīng)鈣蛋白(CaN)的磷脂酶活性,可能對(duì)FK506發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用影響重大。Udina等[23]通過脛神經(jīng)擠壓和橫斷模型,認(rèn)為無CaN抑制活性的非免疫抑制免疫親和素V-10367并不具備促進(jìn)損傷后脛神經(jīng)再生修復(fù)功能,Udina等[24]在對(duì)另一種無CaN抑制活性的非免疫抑制免疫親和素GPI-1046的研究中,也得出了相同的結(jié)果,并認(rèn)為其不具備神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
FK1706對(duì)于FKBP-12和FKBP-52兩種FKBP亞型具有基本相似的高親和力,其與FKBP-12結(jié)合形成的復(fù)合物是否具有抑制CaN的活性,尚無研究證據(jù)支持。但在抑制T細(xì)胞增殖和白介素-2合成方面,與FK506相比,卻僅有相當(dāng)微弱的功效,或者說至少在促進(jìn)神經(jīng)軸突生長(zhǎng)的劑量范圍內(nèi),并沒有出現(xiàn)免疫抑制的情況。FK1706是否具有抑制CaN的活性尚不明確,而FK1706的促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)的功效又有廣大實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證據(jù)支持,因此筆者推斷,如果FK1706具有抑制CaN的活性,則抑制CaN的活性與發(fā)揮免疫抑制功效無必然關(guān)聯(lián),如果FK1706不具有抑制CaN的活性,則其所具備的促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)作用可能通過其他機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)。
目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)K1706的神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)作用可能是通過與FKBP-52結(jié)合并活化下游Ras/Raf/絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,引起神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(NGF)介導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)軸突生長(zhǎng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[25],但FKBP-52和神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(NGF)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路之間的銜接點(diǎn)尚未明確。FK1706的促進(jìn)神經(jīng)損傷修復(fù)再生的功效不僅呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性,并且有良好的治療時(shí)間窗。
在劑量與給藥途徑的選擇上,Yamaji等[25]曾就長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用FK1706對(duì)大鼠脊髓挫傷后運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)的治療效果進(jìn)行研究,通過每日單次肌肉注射FK1706,連續(xù)給予29 d,通過傾斜平板試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)其對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙的改善情況。該研究不僅發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)K1706能顯著提高脊髓挫傷后大鼠在傾斜平板試驗(yàn)中的得分,還通過分組給予不同治療劑量FK1706,觀察FK1706對(duì)脊髓挫傷后大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)的量效關(guān)系。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究對(duì)坐骨神經(jīng)損傷大鼠進(jìn)行橈神經(jīng)移植,術(shù)后給予FK1706局部肌肉注射,連續(xù)治療8周。在術(shù)后8周時(shí),F(xiàn)K1706組坐骨神經(jīng)電生理功能檢測(cè)結(jié)果明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,并且在神經(jīng)肌肉結(jié)構(gòu)方面也有顯著改善,主要表現(xiàn)在腓腸肌肌濕重、遠(yuǎn)端有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目等方面均有所增加。因此,F(xiàn)K1706不僅有利于能顯著改善神經(jīng)移植動(dòng)物術(shù)后神經(jīng)電生理功能,在對(duì)于相關(guān)神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)損傷修復(fù),如增加有髓神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目和橫截面積以及腓腸肌肌濕重等,也同樣有效。
然而筆者也觀察到,遠(yuǎn)端神經(jīng)軸突的再生情況仍有些不滿意,原因可能有:(1)給藥劑量;(2)給藥方式與時(shí)間;(3)觀察的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。今后研究中將更加關(guān)注藥物濃度對(duì)效果的影響,以及選擇合適的給藥方式與觀察的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證實(shí)了,F(xiàn)K1706能顯著促進(jìn)神經(jīng)移植動(dòng)物術(shù)后神經(jīng)再生,為FK1706可能作為一種潛在的顯著促神經(jīng)再生作用藥物用于周圍神經(jīng)損傷提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[1] Dubermard J M,Owen E,Herzberg G,etal. Human hand allograft:Report on first 6 months[J].Lancet,1999,353 (9161):1315-1320.
[2]裴國(guó)獻(xiàn),顧立強(qiáng).異體手移植兩例報(bào)告[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2000,80(6):417-421.
[3] Minematsu T,Lee J,Zha J,etal.Time-dependent inhibitory effects of (1R,9S,12S,13R,14S,17R,18E,21S,23S,24R,25S,27R)-1,14-dihydroxy-12-(E)-2-[(1R,3R,4 )-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]-1-methylvinyl-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-17-(2-oxopropyl)-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.0(4.9)]octacos-18-ene-2, 3,10,16-tetrone (FK1706), a novel nonimmunosuppressive immunophilin ligand, on CYP3A4/5 activity in humans in vivo and in vitro[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2010,38(2):249-259.
[4] Yamazaki S,Yamaji T,Murai N,etal.FK1706,a novel nonimmunosuppressive immunophilin ligand, modifies the course of painful diabetic neuropathy[J].Neuropharmacology,2008,55(7):1226-1230.
[5]科技部.關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)性意見[J].[2011-07-09]. http:// wenku.baidu.com/view/c4042a8a84868762caaed585.html, 2006.
[6] Goto T,Kino T,Hatanaka H,etal.Discovery of FK-506,a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis[C]. Transplantation Proceedings,1987,19(5 Suppl 6):4.
[7] Kobayashi J,Mackinnon S E,Watanabe O,etal.The effect of duration of muscle denervation on functional recovery in the ratmodel[J].Muscle & Nerve,1997,20(7):858-866.
[8] Gutmann E,Guttmann L,Medawar P B,etal.The rate of regeneration of nerve[J].Journal of Experimental Biology, 1942,19 (1):14-44.
[9] Pan Y A,Misgeld T,Lichtman J W,etal. Effects of neurotoxic and neuroprotective agents on peripheral nerve regeneration assayed by time-lapse imaging in vivo[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2003,23 (36):11 479-11 488.
[10] Mackinnon S E,Dellon A L.Surgery of the peripheral nerve[M].New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1988.
[11] Yan Y, Sun H H, Hunter D A, etal. Efficacy of short-term FK506 administration on accelerating nerve regeneration[J]. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2012, 26(6): 570-580.
[12] Chabas J F, Alluin O, Rao G, etal. FK506 induces changes in muscle properties and promotes metabosensitive nerve fiber regeneration[J]. Journal of Neurotrauma, 2009, 26(1): 97-108.
[13] Gold B G,Katoh K,Storm-Dickerson T.The immunosuppressant FK506 increases the rate of axonal regeneration in rat sciatic nerve[J]. The Journal of Neuroscience,1995,15(11): 7509-7516.
[14] Jensen J N, Brenner M J, Tung T H, etal. Effect of FK506 on peripheral nerve regeneration through long grafts in inbred swine[J]. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 2005, 54(4): 420-427.
[15] Jost S C, Doolabh V B, Mackinnon S E, etal. Acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration following FK506 administration[J]. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 2000,17(1):39-44.
[16] Lee M, Doolabh V B, Mackinnon S E, etal.FK506 promotes functional recovery in crushed rat sciatic nerve[J].Muscle & Nerve,2000, 23(4): 633-640.
[17] Sobol J B, Lowe Iii J B, Yang R K, etal. Effects of delaying FK506 administration on neuroregeneration in a rodent model[J]. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery, 2003, 19(02): 113-118.
[18] Sulaiman O A R, Voda J, Gold B G, etal. FK506 increases peripheral nerve regeneration after chronic axotomy but not after chronic Schwann cell denervation[J].Experimental Neurology,2002,175(1):127-137.
[19] Udina E, Ceballos D, Gold B G, etal. FK506 enhances reinnervation by regeneration and by collateral sprouting of peripheral nerve fibers[J]. Experimental Neurology, 2003, 183(1): 220-231.
[20] Yang R K, Lowe Ⅲ J B, Sobol J B, etal. Dose-dependent effects of FK506 on neuroregeneration in a rat model[J]. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2003, 112(7): 1832-1840.
[21] 許建中, 李起鴻. 生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白-43 與周圍神經(jīng)損傷及再生[J].中華創(chuàng)傷雜志, 1999, 15(5):391-392.
[22] Dawson T M,Steiner J P,Lyons W E,etal.The immunophilins,F(xiàn)K506 binding protein and cyclophilin, are discretely localized in the brain: relationship to calcineurin[J]. Neuroscience, 1994, 62(2):569-580.
[23] Udina E, Rodr í guez F J, Verdú E, etal.FK506 enhances regeneration of axons across long peripheral nerve gaps repaired with collagen guides seeded with allogeneic Schwann cells[J].Glia,2004,47(2):120-129.
[24] Udina E, Verdú E, Navarro X. Effects of the immunophilin ligand FK506 on nerve regeneration in collagen guides seeded with Schwann cells in rats[J]. Neuroscience Letters, 2004, 357(2): 99-102.
[25] Yamaji T, Yamazaki S, Li J, etal. FK1706,a novel nonimmunosuppressant neurophilin ligand, ameliorates motor dysfunction following spinal cord injury through its neuroregenerative action[J].European Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, 591(1): 147-152.
The Study of FK 1706 on Promoting the Axon Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves for Rats after Neural Transplantation
/XIAO Yu-hua,XU J ie.//Medical Innovation of China,2015,12(27):016-020
Objective:To investigate whether FK1706 can promote the axon regeneration of peripheral nerve for rats after neural transplantation.Method:20 male SD rats were randomly assigned into two groups after they were performed with left sciatic nerve transection and autologous radial nerve grafting.Group A received FK1706 (0.32 mg/kg) local intramuscular injected once a day on left lower limb for 8 weeks, while Group B as control were routinely fed without special intervention. Electrophysiological studies of left sciatic nerve were performed.The number and area of the regenerated myelinated nerve fiber in cross section pane, and wet muscle weight of the left gastrocnemius muscle were measured,respectively,at 8 weeks after operation.Result:The number of myelinated nerve fiber in proximal end, two groups has no significant difference in statistic (P>0.05), however, in distal end,number of myelinated nerve fiber in Group A was significantly higher than in Group B(P<0.01). The thickness of myelin sheath (mt) of the myelinated nerve fiber, and the ratio that bare axon diameter divided by the total fiber diameter (d/D) were more favorable in Group A than the other, which difference has statistical significance(P<0.05).The wet muscle weight of left gastrocnemius muscle, as well as the compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in Group A,were much better than in Group B,with significant differences (P<0.01).Conclusion:FK1706 has neurotrophy effect that,significantly promote neuroregeneration in rats after autologous nerve transplantation repairing surgery.
FK1706; Neurotrophy; Nerve autograft; Neuroregeneration
福建省衛(wèi)生廳中青年骨干人才項(xiàng)目(2013-ZQNZD-1)
①福建省立醫(yī)院 福建 福州 350001
徐杰
(2015-07-03) (本文編輯:陳丹云)