張彩燕
一、標記性語言的含義話語標記語(discourse markers)又稱話語聯(lián)系語 (discourse connectives),就是表現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一個單詞或者詞組,它是依存于前言后語,劃分說話單位的界標,位置不固定,可在句子的開頭、中間或者結(jié)尾,話語標記語為進行中的話語提供了語境坐標,它表明了語句與前面或后面的話相聯(lián)系,或者與前后同時相聯(lián)系。如類似下面斜體加粗部分的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu):1.We were late in leaving office.Nevertheless,we arrived on time.2.It is my fault .After all,you are the boss.3.A:Good morning,F(xiàn)red,I hope you ve recovered from your illness.B:Yes,thank you.Er —well,not fully,but I m on the mend.4.Vivian: what do you do anyway?Myth: I am a writer,I guess. 話語標記語包括部分連詞如 and、therefore、so等,副詞如actually、really、unfortunately等,感嘆詞如oh、well、ok等及某些短語如you see、you know、as a result of等。它們所傳遞的不是句子意義或語義意義,也就是說它們實際上沒有詞性意義,而是為話語理解提供信息標記,從而對話語理解起引導作用。 二、話語標記語的用法1.用于開頭(1)意示對前面所說內(nèi)容的認同 如:right,okay,all right,I see,I know等舉例:Vivian: Today Betty wears a new beautiful skirt.May: I know,she is dating with a boy resently.Lily: Mom,I want to go to paly football.Mom: Okay,but be careful.(2)意示前面所說內(nèi)容改變了自己原有的認知,如oh,ah等舉例:Vivian: I heard that Mark failed the exam. May: Ah,I thought he would succeed.Olia: Mr.Huang married a business woman.David: Oh,I remember he wanted to marry a teacher.(3)意示在無準備或不得已情況下接替他人的話,如:well舉例:1)意示與前面所說的話作一了斷并開始自己的話 如well,all right,okay等舉例:①Teacher: (when hearing the bell ring) Well,let s begin our class.② A: I have many chocolates.B:Well,how much did you pay for that?2)在當前話題中間轉(zhuǎn)移話題 如 well,okay,right等舉例:Vicky: Can I drive you to office?David: No,thanks a lot.The bus is just up the street.It won t take me long at all.Vicky: Well,you really saved the day for me,David.2.用于中間 (1)表示偏離主題,突發(fā)的想法,自我修補等如I mean,w ell,oh,right等舉例:Lily: Dear,what do you think of this dress?Mart: Hurry up.We are late for the party.(at the same time,the wife is angry.) I mean this dress is fit for you.Come on.(2)意示語氣含糊,對所說的話不夠肯定或者要負責任的程度較低如like,just,a bit,sort/ kind of,well,or something,not really,and everything/things/ stuff/that,I think等舉例:A:Good morning,David,I hope youve recovered from your illness.B: Yes,thank you.Er —well,not fully,but I m on the mend.A: What do you think of tonight speech,Lily?B: I think it is kind of boring.I saw many audiences fell asleep during the speech.3.用于結(jié)尾(1)意示話題即將結(jié)束。如 and everything/ things/ stuff/that,or something等舉例:Im more into things like going to museums,concerts,and that kind of thing.You bored or something?(2)意示要對方認同自己的話語。如I guess,I suppose,I m sure,you know,you see,okay,right等舉例:1) Holly: what do you do anyway?Paul: I am a writer,I guess.2) Uncle: Now you know what you are doing,I suppose.Roy: Yes,sir.You'd be proud of her too,sir.I m sure.本文介紹了話語標記語的概念,并嘗試從話語標記語的不同位置來進一步闡述其用法。 話語標記語是日常會話中的一種十分常見的話語現(xiàn)象,其作用是豐富多彩的??偟亩?,話語標記語可從局部上或整體上對他人的話語理解起著引導或指示的功能,幫助聽話者更好地識別話語所要表達的意思。參考文獻:[1]程海燕,陳蕓.話語標記的功能[J].牡丹江教育學院學報,2005.[2]李民,陳新仁.英語專業(yè)學生習得話語標記語WELL語用功能之實證研究[J].外語教學與研究,2007:21-26.