杭永倫,陳琳,曾章銳,劉靳波
血清胃蛋白酶原和癌胚抗原聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)胃癌的診斷價(jià)值
杭永倫,陳琳,曾章銳,劉靳波
(瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,四川瀘州646000)
目的:探討血清胃蛋白酶原I(pepsinogen I,PGI)、PGI/II比值、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)和三個(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)胃癌的診斷價(jià)值。方法:將171例胃部疾病患者分為胃癌組68例和胃炎組103例,健康對(duì)照組50例。血清PGI、PGII和CEA分別采用透射免疫比濁法和化學(xué)發(fā)光法,并計(jì)算PGI/II比值。繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,計(jì)算PGI、PGI/II比值、CEA和3個(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)診斷胃癌的靈敏度、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值。結(jié)果院胃癌組血清PGI、PGII水平和PGI/II比值顯著低于胃炎組和對(duì)照組(P<0.01,P<0.05),胃炎組血清PGI水平顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),胃癌組血清CEA水平顯著高于胃炎組和對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。以PGI≤50μg/L、PGI/II比值≤2.5和CEA≥10.0μg/L為陽性,血清PGI、PGI/II比值、CEA和3者聯(lián)合診斷胃癌的靈敏度分別為58.8%、23.5%、23.5%和58.8%,特異性分別為88.5%、88.5%、100%和76.9%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)分別為76.9%、57.1%、100%和62.5%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為76.7%、63.9%、66.7%和74.1%。血清PGI、PGI/II和CEA診斷胃癌的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.774、0.732和0.491。結(jié)論:血清PGI、PGI/II比值對(duì)胃癌診斷的靈敏度和特異性不高,血清PGI、PGI/ II比值和CEA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)有助于胃癌和胃炎的鑒別診斷。
胃蛋白酶原曰癌胚抗原曰胃癌
全球胃癌的死亡率僅次于肺癌,居惡性腫瘤的第二位。2008年,全世界新增胃癌患者989,600例和738,000名患者死于胃癌,死亡率的70%在發(fā)展中國家和地區(qū),而我國占40%[1]。胃癌診斷主要根據(jù)纖維胃鏡檢查加病理活檢,但診斷時(shí)往往已是晚期。胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen,PG)主要是由胃部主細(xì)胞合成和分泌的天冬氨酸蛋白酶,根據(jù)其在電泳時(shí)的物理特性分為兩類:胃蛋白酶原I(PGI)和胃蛋白酶原II(PGII)[2]。PGI僅由胃黏膜分泌,而PGII由心臟、胃底、胃竇黏膜和十二指腸分泌。大量研究表明,血清PGI水平和PGI/II比值與胃黏膜形態(tài)和功能的改變相關(guān),萎縮性胃炎血清低PGI水平和低PGI/II比值與胃癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高有關(guān),因此,它們被用作胃癌篩查、萎縮性胃炎和癌前病變的“血清學(xué)活檢”[3-4]。癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)是免疫球蛋白超家族的一個(gè)成員,最初是作為結(jié)直腸癌的血清標(biāo)志物,但現(xiàn)在被廣泛應(yīng)用于胃癌的診斷和預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)[5]。本文研究的目的是探討胃部疾病患者血清PGI、PGI/II比值、CEA和三個(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)胃癌的診斷價(jià)值。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選取瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院2013年7月至2014年6月因胃部疾病在消化內(nèi)科和胃腸外科住院治療的患者171例。所有患者均接受纖維胃鏡檢查,如發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑病灶,鉗取可疑組織進(jìn)行病理活檢,根據(jù)胃鏡和病理活檢結(jié)果診斷胃癌和胃炎。胃癌組68例,其中男43例,女25例,平均年齡(59.1±11.4)歲(32~71歲)。胃炎組103例,其中男60例,女43例,平均年齡(51.5±11.2)歲(37~74歲)。對(duì)照組50例,其中男25例,女25例,平均年齡(48.6±10.1)歲(24~63歲)。對(duì)照組來自無胃部疾病的健康體檢者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 樣本收集
所有患者于入院后次日早晨空腹采靜脈血3 mL送檢,樣本放置37℃孵育30 min,離心分離血清,-70℃冷凍保存,待樣本收集完成。
1.2.2 儀器與試劑
血清PGI和PGII采用透射免疫比濁法,試劑購自寧波瑞源科技有限公司,儀器為西門子ADVIA2400全自動(dòng)生化分析儀,PGI/II比值由PGI和PGII結(jié)果計(jì)算。血清CEA采用化學(xué)發(fā)光法,試劑購自西門子醫(yī)學(xué)診斷公司,儀器為西門子Centaur XP全自動(dòng)免疫分析儀。PGI、PGII和CEA檢測(cè)均在室內(nèi)質(zhì)控在控的情況下進(jìn)行。血清PGI≤30μg/L為強(qiáng)陽性,30<PGI≤50μg/L為陽性,PGI/II比值≤2.0為強(qiáng)陽性,2.0<PGI/II比值≤2.5為陽性(試劑說明書提供),血清CEA參考范圍為0~3.4μg/L。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,胃癌組、胃炎組與對(duì)照組,胃癌組與胃炎組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有顯著性。各個(gè)指標(biāo)診斷的靈敏度、特異性用ROC曲線處理,并計(jì)算陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值。
2.1 血清PGI、PGII、CEA測(cè)定結(jié)果和PGI/II比值
68例胃癌患者、103例胃炎患者和50例健康人血清PGI、PGII、CEA測(cè)定結(jié)果和PGI/II比值(見表1)。胃癌組血清PGI、PGII水平和PGI/II比值顯著低于胃炎組和對(duì)照組(P<0.01,P<0.05),胃炎組血清PGI水平顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),胃炎組血清PGI和PGI/II比值與對(duì)照組比較無顯著差異(P>0.05),胃癌組血清CEA水平顯著高于胃炎組和對(duì)照組(P<0.01),胃炎組血清CEA水平與對(duì)照組比較無顯著差異(P>0.05)。
2.2 血清PGI、PGI/II比值、CEA診斷胃癌的靈敏度、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值比較
以血清PGI水平、PGI/II比值不同臨界值和血清CEA≥10.0μg/L為陽性,血清PGI、PGI/II比值和CEA診斷胃癌的靈敏度、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值。PGI水平≤30μg/L診斷胃癌的靈敏度為41.2%,特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值均為100%。以PGI≤50μg/L、PGI/II比值≤2.5和CEA≥10.0μg/L為陽性,三者聯(lián)合診斷胃癌的靈敏度、特異性陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值,見表2。
表1 對(duì)照組、胃癌組和胃炎組各指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)結(jié)果(x±s)
表2 血清PGI、PGI/II、CEA和3個(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合對(duì)胃癌的診斷性能
2.3 血PGI、PGI/II比值和CEA診斷胃癌的ROC曲線
以不同PGI、PGI/II比值和CEA診斷臨界值時(shí)的靈敏度和特異性繪制ROC曲線(見圖1)。血清PGI、PGI/II比值和CEA的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.774、0.732和0.491。
圖1 PGI、PGI/II和CEA診斷胃癌的ROC曲線
PG主要由胃的主細(xì)胞合成和分泌,大量存在于胃黏膜,少量釋放入血[2]。PGI僅由胃黏膜分泌,而PGII由心臟、胃底、胃竇黏膜和十二指腸分泌。胃癌的癌變過程是逐步從正常黏膜、淺表性胃炎、萎縮性胃炎、癌前病變到癌。淺表性胃炎時(shí),輕度炎癥可以通過增加胃泌素分泌刺激PG產(chǎn)生,血液中PG水平無明顯變化。萎縮性胃炎的特點(diǎn)是胃底黏膜轉(zhuǎn)變成胃竇型黏膜,正常腺體數(shù)量減少和持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng)損傷腺體功能和細(xì)胞合成和分泌PG功能,胃竇型黏膜不分泌PGI,但要分泌PGII,因此,萎縮性胃炎較非萎縮性胃炎血液中PGI水平降低,PGII水平保持穩(wěn)定[6]。在胃癌前病變或胃癌時(shí),由于腸上皮化生細(xì)胞或癌細(xì)胞的生長,腺體的合成功能基本喪失,血液中PGI水平顯著降低[7]。本研究結(jié)果表明,胃癌患者血清PGI和PGI/II比值顯著低于胃炎患者和健康對(duì)照,胃炎患者血清PGI水平顯著低于健康對(duì)照。以血清PGI≤50μg/L和PGI/II比值≤2.5為陽性診斷胃癌的靈敏度分別為58.8%和23.6%,與Zhang等[8]報(bào)道的PGI和PGI/II比值對(duì)中國中南部漢族人胃癌診斷的靈敏度52.4%和25.6%一致。以血清PGI≤30μg/L診斷胃癌的價(jià)值最大,其靈敏度較高,特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值均為100%,雖然PGI/Ⅱ比值診斷胃癌的特異性為100%,但其靈敏度較低,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為57.1%和88.5%,表明有部分胃炎患者PGⅠ/Ⅱ比值≤2.0,可能是由于胃粘膜分泌PGI減少,而PGⅡ的分泌正常所致。
胃癌診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的腫瘤標(biāo)志物有血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4和CA242等,單個(gè)腫瘤標(biāo)志物對(duì)胃癌診斷的靈敏度不高,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)可提高診斷的靈敏度,這些腫瘤標(biāo)志物的主要價(jià)值在于對(duì)胃癌患者的隨訪。血清CEA約15.4%的胃癌患者升高,一些良性胃部疾病血清CEA水平輕度升高[9]。本研究結(jié)果表明,以CEA≥10.0μg/L為陽性,血清CEA診斷胃癌的靈敏度為23.5%,與Yang等[10]報(bào)道的對(duì)胃癌診斷的靈敏度25.5%一致。本研究中,有11.5%的胃炎患者血清CEA水平輕度升高,但均小于10.0 μg/L。血清PGI、PGI/II比值聯(lián)合CEA診斷胃癌的靈敏度和特異性并未提高。應(yīng)用ROC曲線分析血清PGI、PGI/II比值和CEA診斷胃癌的靈敏度和特異性,CEA的ROC曲線下面積僅為0.491,表明CEA診斷胃癌的準(zhǔn)確性不高。對(duì)于血清PGI水平在30~50μg/L或PGI/II比值在2.0~2.5之間的胃癌和胃炎患者,同時(shí)檢測(cè)CEA,有助于兩者的鑒別診斷。
綜上所述,血清PGI、PGII水平和PGI/II比值在胃癌和胃炎時(shí)有不同程度的降低,它們對(duì)胃癌診斷的靈敏度和特異性不高,聯(lián)合血清CEA進(jìn)行診斷,有助于PGI、PGIII比值降低時(shí),對(duì)胃癌和胃炎的鑒別診斷。
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(2014-10-09收稿)
Diagostic value of combined detection of serum pepsinogen and carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric cancer
Hang Yonglun,Chen Lin,Zeng Zhangrui,Liu JinboDepartment of Clinical Laboratory,the Affiliated Hospitalof Luzhou Medical College
Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of serum pepsinogen I(PGI),PGI/II ratio, carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)and combined detection of the three indexes in gastric cancer.Methods:171 patients with gastric diseases were divided into gastric cancer group of 68 cases and gastritis group of 103 cases, with 50 healthy people as control group.Serum PGI,PGII and CEA were detected by turbidimetric immunoassay and chemiluminescence method,respectively,and PGI/II ratio was calculated.Receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was set up,and sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value for PGI,PGI/II ratio, CEA and combined detection of the three indexes were analyzed.Results:Serum PGI,PGIIlevels,PGI/PGII ratio and combined detection of the three in gastric cancer group were significantly lower than those in gastritis and healthy controls group(P<0.01,P<0.05),Serum PGIlevels in gastritis group was significantly lower than those in healthy control group(P<0.05),serum CEA levels in gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in gastritis and healthy control group(P<0.01).When PGI≤50μg/L,PGI/IIratio≤2.5 and CEA≥10.0μg/L,the sensitivity of serum PGI,PGI/II ratio and CEA for diagnosis of gastric cancer were 58.8%,23.5%, 23.5%and 58.8%,the specificity were 88.5%,88.5%,100%and 76.9%,the positive predictive were 76.9%, 57.1%,100%and 62.5%,the negative predictive were 76.7%,63.9%,66.7%and 74.1%,respectively.The area under ROC curve for serum PGI、PGI/II and CEA were 0.974,0.732 and 0.491,respectively.Conclusion:Serum PGI,PGI/II ratio shows a low sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of gastric cancer.However,combined detection of PGI,PGI/IIratio and CEA may help the differential diagnosis of gastric cancer from gastritis.
Pepsinogen;Carcinoembryonic antigen;Gastric cancer
R735.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2015.03.009
杭永倫(1966-),男,副主任技師。E-mail:hyl 2691@126.com