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        英語情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法及區(qū)別

        2015-04-29 00:00:00楊正仁
        學(xué)園 2015年15期

        【摘""要】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是用來表達(dá)說話人的情感態(tài)度,對(duì)事物的看法、傾向、好惡程度等,也是表達(dá)請(qǐng)求、命令、警告、贊揚(yáng)、厭惡等情感的一類詞。它是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)不好把握的一個(gè)語法難點(diǎn),也是高考的重點(diǎn)之一。為了幫助同學(xué)們更好地學(xué)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,本文介紹了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在具體語境中的基本用法。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞""基本用法""區(qū)別

        【中圖分類號(hào)】G632""""""""【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A"""""""""【文章編號(hào)】1674-4810(2015)15-0103-03

        情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用來表達(dá)說話人的情感態(tài)度,對(duì)事物的看法、傾向、好惡程度以及求、命令、警告、贊揚(yáng)、厭惡等情感。下面談?wù)勊幕居梅ê蛥^(qū)別。

        一"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法

        第一,表示征求對(duì)方意見或許可的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有must,can,could,may,might,shall等,如:

        ——Must"I"hand"in"my"homework"today?

        ——Yes,you"must.\Yes,you"have"to.

        ——No,you"needn’t.\No,you"don’t"have"to(用mustn’t是講不通的)

        Can"I"come"in"and"have"a"good"look"at"your"house"with"my"girlfriend"now?(比較口語化)

        ——Could"I"use"your"mobile"phone"as"mine"is"power"off?(語氣委婉)

        ——Yes,you"can.(回答不能用could)

        May"\"Might"I"use"your"bicycle?"(比較正式,用might語氣更委婉)

        Shall"I"open"the"window"to"let"in"some"fresh"air?"(shall此用法只用于第一和第三人稱)

        Shall"he"come"to"sit"in"this"seat"and"listen"to"your"speech?(同上)

        第二,表示邀請(qǐng)或請(qǐng)求的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can,will,would,could,一般用于第二人稱;用would和could時(shí)表示語氣更加委婉,如:

        Can"\"Could"you"lend"me"some"money"to"buy"some"books"and"dictionaries?

        Will"\"Would"you"please"tell"us"a"story"or"joke"for"pleasure?

        第三,表示允許或許可的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can,may,如:

        You"can"sit"here"and"do"your"homework"because"the"seat"is"not"occupied.

        You"may"go"to"bed"and"get"up"as"late"as"you"like;nobody"cares"about"that.

        第四,表示禁止的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can’t,mustn’t,shan’t等否定形式,shan’t"多表按照某規(guī)定“不能”如:

        They"can’t"wear"whatever"they"like"when"they"are"at"school.

        Anybody"mustn’t"take"books"out"of"the"library"without"permission.

        You"shan’t"hand"in"your"papers"ahead"of"time"in"the"examinations"according"to"the"regulations.

        第五,表示建議或勸告的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有ought"to,should,had"better,need等,如:

        Parents"ought"to"take"care"of"their"children"when"they"are"young"and"children"ought"to"look"after"their"parents"when"they"are"old.(ought"to表示義務(wù),為別人做某事)

        You"should"do"a"lot"of"exercise"regularly"to"improve"your"health.(should表建議,多指為自己做某事)

        You"had"better"put"more"clothes"in"case"it"is"cold"on"the"mountain,boy?。ǘ嘤糜谏霞?jí)對(duì)下級(jí),長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩之間)

        In"order"to"learn"English"well,you"need"practice"speaking"English"more"often"besides"reading.(比較口語化)

        第六,表示能力的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can,could,be"able"to等。can表示現(xiàn)在的“能力”,could表示過去的“能力”,be"able"to用來填充can,could沒有的時(shí)態(tài),但was"\"were"able"to除了表示過去的能力以外還表示“過去設(shè)法做成功某事”,等于managed"to"do"something或succeeded"in"doing"something,此用法不能被could代替,如:

        When"I"was"in"China"I"couldn’t"speak"English,but"now"in"USA"I"can"speak"it"fluently.

        I"am"sure"that"this"promising"young"man"will"be"able"to"support"his"family"in"the"future.

        They"charged"20"thousand"dollars"for"the"car"but"I"was"able"to"bring"the"price"down.(managed"to\succeeded"in…)

        第七,表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有may,might,must,can,could,should,ought"to等。must表推測(cè)語氣最強(qiáng),但只用于肯定式,否定式中用can’t或couldn’t代替;must"\"may"\"might"\"can’t"\"could"\"couldn’t+have"done表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的推測(cè);should,ought"to表示“按理說應(yīng)該”,如:

        It"may"be"the"headmaster’s"office."I"am"not"sure.(把握性不大)

        He"was"careless."He"might"have"won"the"first"place"otherwise.(過去的可能性很小)

        ——Who"can"it"be?"(can代替must)

        ——It"must"be"our"manager.

        ——No,it"can’t"he"him."He"is"in"Japan"at"the"moment."(must"不能用于否定句,由can’t代替)

        ——Was"it"in"the"street"that"he"played"football"yesterday?

        ——It"could"be"in"the"street,but"I"am"not"sure.(可能性不大)

        There"were"five"men"in"your"car"during"the"long"journey."It"must"have"been"uncomfortable.(=It"couldn’t"have"been"comfortable."可能性很大)

        He"was"with"me"in"the"class"at"that"time"yesterday."He"couldn’t"have"played"basketball"on"the"playground"yesterday.(動(dòng)詞是過去式時(shí)用couldn’t"have"done,不用can’t"have"done)

        He"should"be"over"fifteen"years"old,because"he"is"a"student"in"the"11th"grade.

        She"ought"to"turn"up"at"any"moment,for"she"is"always"on"time"for"work.

        第八,表示輕微埋怨、責(zé)備或后悔的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有should"\"ought"to"\"needn’t"\"could"\"might+have"done,如:

        The"movie"star"has"died."You"should"\"ought"to"have"come"here"earlier.(過去該做而沒做)

        She"is"unhappy"now."I"shouldn’t"\"oughtn’t"to"have"told"her"the"bad"news.(過去不該做而做了)

        I"needn’t"have"carried"so"much"cash."All"my"bank"cards"could"be"available"actually.(做了沒必要做的事)

        You"could"have"married"me"at"that"time."I"loved"and"love"you"but"he"doesn’t.(過去本可以做但沒做)

        She"was"out"of"mind."She"might"have"passed"the"exam"otherwise.(過去也許會(huì)但沒有)

        第九,表示警告、允諾、命令或威脅的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是shall,常用于第二、三人稱,如:

        You"shall"take"the"book"to"read"as"long"as"I"finish"it"before"Friday.

        All"the"candidates"shall"remain"at"their"seats"until"the"bell"rings"announcing"the"end"of"the"exam.

        第十,表示偏執(zhí)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是must,如:

        If"you"must"want"to"know"my"age,which"is"a"privacy,let"me"tell"you"unwillingly.

        Must"you"smoke"at"a"no-smoking"area?"You"will"be"punished"seriously.

        第十一,表示懷疑的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有should(竟然),dare,can’t,如:

        Such"a"high"official"should"be"so"rude"to"that"little"girl."What"a"shame!

        How"dare"you"say"that"I"treated"you"unfairly?"Actually"I"did"it"right.

        Why"can’t"you"know"my"telephone"number"and"e-mail"address?"We"are"good"friends.

        第十二,表示習(xí)慣性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有will,would,will表示現(xiàn)在反復(fù),would表示過去反復(fù),如:

        After"work"he"will"go"to"the"café"to"have"a"cup"of"coffee"every"day.

        Whenever"and"wherever"he"met"him,he"would"stop"the"soldier"and"ask"the"same"questions"again"and"again"in"the"army.

        二"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法區(qū)別

        第一,must"amp;"have"to。must表示主觀上“必須”,have"to表示客觀逼迫“不得不”,如:

        We"must"study"English"very"hard,which"I"like"very"much.

        I"have"to"study"English"very"hard,because"I"have"to"pass"the"exam"in"the"NMET.

        第二,would,used"to,be"used"to"doing"amp;"be"used"to"do"sth。would表示過去反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,而uesd"to則側(cè)重“過去如此,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不是那樣了”以及“過去存在的狀態(tài)”;be"used"to"doing是表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”,其中be有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱的變化,后跟動(dòng)名詞;be"used"to"do"something表示“某東西被用來做某事”,如:

        When"he"was"in"that"factory,he"would"go"to"that"coffee"shop"at"the"corner"after"work"every"day.

        He"used"to"smoke"and"drink"a"lot,but"now"he"doesn’t.

        There"used"to"be"a"big"temple"where"there"is"a"school"now.(過去的狀態(tài))

        He"has"been"used"to"working"in"such"bad"conditions.

        Wood"can"be"used"to"make"desks"and"chairs"as"well"houses.

        第三,didn’t"need"to"do"amp;"needn’t"have"done。didn’t"need"to"do表示“過去沒必要做也沒做”,而needn’t"have"done表示“過去沒必要做但已經(jīng)做了”,如:

        It"was"raining"yesterday."I"didn’t"need"to"work"in"the"fields,so"I"stayed"at"home.(沒去工作)

        It"was"Sunday"yesterday."I"needn’t"have"gone"to"school."But"I"forgot"it"and"went"as"usual.(去學(xué)校了)

        第四,need"amp;"dare。這兩個(gè)詞既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,一般來說,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞多用于否定和疑問句;實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用于各種句式,后跟動(dòng)詞不定式,I"dare"say是固定短語,意為“我認(rèn)為、我相信”,如:

        ——Need"I"finish"my"report"by"six"o’clock"today?"(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

        ——Yes,you"must"\"you"have"to.

        ——No,you"needn’t"\"you"don’t"have"to.

        As"a"Chinese"high"school"student,I"need"to"work"at"least"10"hours"a"day.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)

        My"car"needs"repairing"\"to"be"repaired"thoroughly.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,后跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng))

        Tom"daren’t"go"out"alone"when"it"is"dark"at"night."(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

        Dare"you"go"home"to"face"your"parents"when"you"haven’t"done"well"in"the"exams?(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)

        I"don’t"dare"to"feel"the"snake"even"if"it"is"dead.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)

        第五,can’t"have"done"amp;"couldn’t"have"done"\"could"have"done。can’t"have"done和couldn’t"have"done均可表示must的否定推測(cè),強(qiáng)調(diào)從現(xiàn)在角度出發(fā)推測(cè)過去某事“不可能”;但當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去式時(shí),就必須用couldn’t"have"done;could"have"done表示“過去有能力或有可能做某事但沒有做”,有惋惜、遺憾、批評(píng)、責(zé)備等意思,如:

        His"jacket"is"still"here,so"he"can’t(couldn’t)have"gone"home.(must的否定式)

        My"sister"met"him"at"the"Grand"Theatre"yesterday,so"he"couldn’t"have"attended"your"lecture.(過去不可能)

        You"could"have"walked"here"instead"of"taking"a"taxi;it"is"so"near.

        第六,would"like"to"do"amp;"would"like"to"have"done。would"like"to"do"表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼跋胱瞿呈隆保鴚ould"like"to"have"done表示過去“想做某事但沒做成”,如:

        I"would"like"to"go"to"the"concert"tonight,but"my"parents"don’t"allow"me"to.

        I"would"like"to"have"gone"to"the"concert"last"night"but"I"had"to"review"lessons"for"the"exams.

        參考文獻(xiàn)

        [1]張道真.實(shí)用英語語法[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002

        [2]薄冰、何政安.英語語法[M].北京:開明出版社,1998

        〔責(zé)任編輯:林勁〕

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