劉建德
【摘 要】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中使用非常廣泛,是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中較難掌握的時(shí)態(tài)之一。本文闡述了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的主要用法,旨在深入理解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)并正確使用該時(shí)態(tài)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】已完成;未完成;時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);瞬間動(dòng)詞;延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
完成時(shí)是表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或過(guò)程在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)處于完成狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞形式。完成時(shí)分為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本構(gòu)成為:助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
一、“已完成”的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的這一用法表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前(沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間,常指最近的已過(guò)去的時(shí)間),現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成了,并與現(xiàn)在的情況相聯(lián)系。
1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如:
1) After all these years weve at last paid off all our debts. (強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在不欠債的情況)
2) Tom has graduated from Cambridge and is now going to find a job.
(湯姆現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是一名畢業(yè)生了,具備了找一份更好工作的條件。)
2.表示過(guò)去有過(guò)的一種經(jīng)歷,這種經(jīng)歷不可能為以后的行為所抹殺或否定,如:
1) I have been to the Great Wall.
2) Where have you been all these years?
3) Have you ever read any novels written by Dickens?
3.表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一動(dòng)作,如:
1) Do you understand what he(has)said to us?
當(dāng)然,本句從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有一般過(guò)去時(shí)said也對(duì),但完成時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況相關(guān),因此語(yǔ)義更好。但當(dāng)有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí),如:Do you understand what he said to us this morning?
2) Please return the books you(have)borrowed from the library before Friday.
4.已故偉人的言語(yǔ)(不是某個(gè)具體的言語(yǔ))對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)具有長(zhǎng)期現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的,也通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)表達(dá),如:
1) Marx has left us many great works.
2) Comrade Deng Xiao Ping has pointed out a bright road for us .
5.現(xiàn)在完時(shí)還可用來(lái)提供信息,在報(bào)導(dǎo)、信件和談話中尤其常見(jiàn)。如:
1)According to the latest reports, the government forces have pushed back the rebels and retaken the town.
2)Im delighted to tell you that youve passed the exam.
二、“未完成”的用法
1.現(xiàn)在完成體“未完成”的用法,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去的某時(shí)開(kāi)始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束(請(qǐng)注意,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作繼續(xù)向?qū)?lái)延續(xù)下去時(shí),常用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)),這種完成時(shí)和表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,因此動(dòng)詞往往是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。請(qǐng)看下面幾例:
1)The dustmen have been on strike for several weeks.
(清潔工處于罷工的情況從過(guò)去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去。)
2)He has taught us for two terms.
(他教我們的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。)
3)In the past 30 years China has made great advances in many aspects.
(這種巨大的進(jìn)展從過(guò)去開(kāi)始已經(jīng)30年了,并還要繼續(xù)取得進(jìn)步。)
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”的用法不適用于瞬間動(dòng)詞(表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞),如:open, break, go, leave, come, arrive, begin, start, stop等。如不能說(shuō):He left Shanghai for two years. 應(yīng)譯作:
He has been away from Shanghai for two years.或Its two years since he left Shanghai.或Two years has passed since he left Shanghai.
3.某些持續(xù)性較短的動(dòng)詞有時(shí)能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),這種用法常見(jiàn)于下面兩種情況:
1)由于否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:
He hasnt written to me for long time.
They havent come back since then.
2)通過(guò)某種詞匯手段,表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(重復(fù)性動(dòng)詞),如:
He has visited us many times in the past few years.
Tom has often written to us since he left school.
因此,我們可以看出,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”的用法一般都要和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,否則就不再是“未完成”的用法了。試比較:
I have been in Shanghai for two years.(“未完成”的用法,含義是:現(xiàn)在仍在上海。)
I have been in/to Shanghai.(“已完成”的用法,含義是:曾經(jīng)去過(guò)上海。)
和表示“未完成”的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:
for+時(shí)間段, since+名詞或從句,all morning ,all year(round) ,until (till, up to)now, so far等以及in/for/over) the past(last) few years, these days, always等其它表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
4.現(xiàn)在完成體無(wú)論是表示“已完成”還是“未完成”它都可以用在時(shí)間或條件分句中,來(lái)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如:
1)They will not decide their attitude until they have heard what the speaker has to say.
2)Ill return the book to the library as soon as I have finished it .
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]張道真.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全[M].北京:世界圖書(shū)出版公司.2014-04-01
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