劉琦 周賽君 孟振興 于珮
P2X7受體與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變
劉琦 周賽君 孟振興 于珮
P2X7受體是一種重要的凋亡調控受體,是嘌呤受體家族中的一員,也是ATP活化的配體門控離子通道的調節(jié)者。它在中樞和外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中對介導興奮性神經(jīng)遞質起重要作用。P2X7受體廣泛表達于視網(wǎng)膜多種細胞表面。研究顯示,P2X7受體在糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變中過度激活,參與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的發(fā)生及發(fā)展。一方面,P2X7受體過度激活所致的嘌呤血管毒性,可導致視網(wǎng)膜血流減少和血管功能的紊亂;另一方面,P2X7受體活化可導致大量炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,引起局部炎性細胞浸潤,形成血管炎性微環(huán)境,構成糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變發(fā)生、發(fā)展的病理生理基礎。
P2X7受體;糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;細胞凋亡;炎癥
糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(DR)的主要特征是微血管周細胞和內皮細胞凋亡。周細胞和收縮細胞位于毛細血管腔壁,其損傷可導致微血管瘤和新生血管的形成。內皮細胞損傷可以導致血-視網(wǎng)膜屏障的破壞和黃斑水腫。目前關于DR中周細胞和內皮細胞凋亡的機制,包括氧化應激、晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物、蛋白激酶C上調激活多元醇通路和局灶性白細胞黏附等,但具體機制尚不完全明了[1-4]。
P2X7受體激活不僅能導致非選擇性膜通道的開放,且隨著活化的持續(xù),在多種類型的細胞膜上形成跨膜孔,相對分子質量小于900的親水性分子能自由通過,引起細胞鈣內流增加和膜電位降低,而后者又可激活電壓門控鈣通道,進一步促進鈣內流[5]。一方面,鈣內流可引起周細胞收縮,加重毛細血管及組織缺氧;另一方面,鈣內流導致細胞鈣超載,加速細胞凋亡[6]。P2X7受體的異常表達或激活與多種疾病有密切關系,如帕金森綜合征、阿爾茨海默病和多發(fā)性硬化癥等[7-8]。已發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺血性腦皮層中,該受體異常表達能高度上調神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質細胞的功能。
P2X7受體可在視網(wǎng)膜大多數(shù)類型的細胞中表達,包括神經(jīng)元(如神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞、神經(jīng)膠質)和血管細胞[8]。視網(wǎng)膜微血管網(wǎng)中P2X7受體的活化通過增加細胞外鈣的水平介導周細胞收縮并通過微血管網(wǎng)內細胞間電傳輸動態(tài)調節(jié)血管舒縮反應。使用新分離的大鼠視網(wǎng)膜微血管,通過穿孔膜片鉗檢測離子電流,通過fura-2測得細胞內鈣水平,借助可視化微血管收縮與延時攝影技術,發(fā)現(xiàn)ATP誘發(fā)離子電流去極化,增加細部內鈣水平并引起周細胞收縮。多項實驗均表明P2Y4受體介導的儲存鈣的釋放以及通過活化的P2X7受體/通道大量鈣涌入是ATP誘導的細胞內鈣升高的主要原因[9-10]。
P2X7的異常激活通過依賴于細胞內Ca2+增加的方式,導致視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞死亡[11]。另一研究表明,上調P2X7受體可引起視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)元的損傷,從而導致視網(wǎng)膜損傷[12]。有研究證實,P2X7受體的活化參與了缺氧誘導的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)元的凋亡[13]。
Liao和Puro[14],對分離得到的糖尿病大鼠微血管的研究表明,最大有效劑量P2X7嘌呤受體激動劑苯甲酰基苯甲?;?ATP(BzATP,2 nmol/L)即可引起微血管毛孔形成。NAD+可觸發(fā)視網(wǎng)膜微血管發(fā)生P2X7依賴性細胞死亡。同樣,視網(wǎng)膜微血管對細胞外NAD+的血管毒性作用的敏感性也增加100倍。使用激光散斑循環(huán)分析儀和視網(wǎng)膜電圖描記術進行體內研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病兔模型玻璃體內注射50 nmol BzATP后,視網(wǎng)膜血流速度降低近30%,視網(wǎng)膜功能更加脆弱[15]。其他研究也證實,生理環(huán)境下,P2X7通過硝酸氧化物和P2Y4受體依賴性途徑的調節(jié)在細胞膜上形成孔,如果硝酸氧化物和P2Y4受體依賴性途徑調節(jié)紊亂,嘌呤的血管毒性作用可加速微血管細胞的死亡,這是DR形成和發(fā)展的標志[16]。
P2X7受體活化可顯著增加視網(wǎng)膜微血管的脆性,被稱為嘌呤的血管毒性[16]。如何能使?jié)撛诘泥堰适荏w不發(fā)揮其被激活后引起的視網(wǎng)膜微血管細胞死亡的作用?因此產(chǎn)生出一個假定的構想,即可能存在阻止血管活性信號ATP觸發(fā)嘌呤血管毒性的另一個調節(jié)機制。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),即使讓分離的視網(wǎng)膜微血管暴露于ATP或BzATP,也不能引起細胞膜孔的形成和微血管細胞死亡[14]。ATP伴隨G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體P2Y4同時活化,阻止了P2X7嘌呤受體的活化,引起跨膜孔的形成和細胞死亡。P2Y4介導的保護作用依賴于儲存鈣的釋放和同型磷脂酶A2的活化[17]。盡管與P2X7嘌呤受體/通道活化有關的事件以及跨膜孔開放的保護機制還有待闡明,但是已明確激活P2X7受體的同時伴隨另一個P2X家族成員——P2Y4受體的活化。
在體內,另有其他機制也參與了嘌呤血管毒性對糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜微血管的調節(jié)。NAD+是視網(wǎng)膜中的一個細胞外信號分子,把成熟T細胞暴露于NAD+,可誘導細胞死亡。ART2(T細胞表達的一種毒素相關的ADP核糖基化胞外酶)可催化ADP-核糖基化,激活細胞毒性P2X7嘌呤受體,從而導致跨膜孔的形成和細胞死亡[18]。另有研究表明,通過依賴外生核糖基化的機制,細胞外NAD+可引起P2X7嘌呤受體的活化,從而導致大量跨膜孔的形成和微血管細胞的死亡。因此,由于P2X7受體的選擇性活化,NAD+是觸發(fā)視網(wǎng)膜微血管嘌呤血管毒性的另一個候選分子[19]。
研究表明,P2X7受體能促進促炎細胞因子的釋放。P2X7受體可以通過調節(jié)白細胞介素-1β的加工和釋放,影響神經(jīng)元細胞死亡。神經(jīng)性疼痛和慢性炎性疼痛動物模型中,P2X7受體基因敲除后,炎性反應明顯減弱[20]。而最近對DR實驗模型的研究表明,P2X7受體可調節(jié)細胞因子誘導的炎性反應,降低血-視網(wǎng)膜屏障的完整性,加重視網(wǎng)膜血管的閉塞和缺血[21]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P2X7受體激動劑可增加低氧誘導的視網(wǎng)膜小膠質細胞釋放白細胞介素-1β和腫瘤壞死因子-α。亦證實,眼內壓升高后伴隨P2X7受體活化增加,導致腫瘤壞死因子-α,、白細胞介素-1β、-6上調,參與了視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞的死亡[8]。目前的發(fā)現(xiàn)進一步證明了P2X受體,尤其是P2X7受體是參與炎性反應的重要免疫調節(jié)受體[22]。
因此,P2X7受體在DR中過度激活,參與DR的發(fā)生與進展:一方面P2X7受體的過量活化所致的嘌呤血管毒性可導致視網(wǎng)膜血流的減少和血管功能的紊亂;另一方面P2X7受體的活化可導致大量炎性因子的產(chǎn)生。P2X7嘌呤受體將是DR一個潛在的治療靶點,通過抑制該受體表達和(或)激活,可減少或阻止視網(wǎng)膜細胞的死亡,改善視網(wǎng)膜血流和發(fā)揮抗炎作用,對DR的防治具有重要意義。
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P2X7receptor and diabetic retinopathy
Liu Qi,Zhou Saijun,Meng Zhenxing,Yu Pei.The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development(Ministry of Health),Department of Kidney Dialysis,The Metabolic Diseases Hospital,Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300070,China
Yu Pei,Email:yupei@tijmu.edu.cn
P2X7receptor,an important apoptosis regulatoryreceptor,is a member ofthe purinergic receptor family and a regulator ofthe ligand gated ion channel activated by ATP.P2X7plays an important role in meditatingexcitatoryneurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system.The expression ofP2X7receptor has been demonstrated in most types of cells in the retina.Studies have shown that excessive activation of P2X7receptor involves in the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy.In one hand,purinergic vasotoxicity caused by excessive activation of P2X7receptor can lead to the reduction of retinal blood flowand vascular dysfunction.On the other hand,P2X7receptor activation may result in the production of a large number of inflammatory cytokines,causing local inflammatory cell infiltration and the formation of vascular inflammatory microenvironment,which constitute the pathophysiological basis for the development of diabetic retinopathy.
P2X7receptor;Diabetic retinopathy;Apoptosis;Inflammation
(Int J Endocrinol Metab,2015,35:127-129)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2015.02.015
300070 天津醫(yī)科大學代謝病醫(yī)院腎病透析科,衛(wèi)生部激素與發(fā)育重點實驗室
于珮,Email:yupei@tijmu.edu.cn
2015-01-25)