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        鞣花酸代謝產(chǎn)物——尿石素的研究進(jìn)展

        2015-03-17 05:36:22尹培培閆林林曹若愚陳曉媛劉玉軍
        食品科學(xué) 2015年7期
        關(guān)鍵詞:抗癌抗炎抗氧化

        尹培培,閆林林,曹若愚,陳曉媛,馬 超,*,劉玉軍,*

        (1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,北京 100083;2.山東省食品藥品檢驗(yàn)研究院,山東 濟(jì)南 250101)

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        鞣花酸代謝產(chǎn)物——尿石素的研究進(jìn)展

        尹培培1,閆林林1,曹若愚1,陳曉媛2,馬 超1,*,劉玉軍1,*

        (1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,北京 100083;2.山東省食品藥品檢驗(yàn)研究院,山東 濟(jì)南 250101)

        摘 要:鞣花單寧和鞣花酸是廣泛分布于多種蔬菜、水果和堅(jiān)果中的多酚類抗氧化劑,其在胃腸道的吸收較差,生物利用率較低,但部分會被哺乳動物腸道微生物轉(zhuǎn)化為更易吸收的尿石素類代謝產(chǎn)物。因此,人們推測這些代謝產(chǎn)物可能為鞣花單寧及鞣花酸發(fā)揮生物學(xué)活性的最終物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。本文對近年來國內(nèi)外有關(guān)尿石素化學(xué)性質(zhì)和抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌以及調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群等生物活性的研究進(jìn)行綜述,以期為富含鞣花單寧及鞣花酸類食品的科學(xué)利用提供借鑒。

        關(guān)鍵詞:尿石素;鞣花酸;抗氧化;抗炎;抗癌

        鞣花酸是廣泛分布于石榴、草莓、黑莓及胡桃等眾多水果或堅(jiān)果中的天然多酚類抗氧化劑,其在自然界中主要以縮合形式——鞣花單寧存在。人體及動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,鞣花單寧和鞣花酸均具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌及調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群等多種生物活性,對癌癥、糖尿病、心腦血管疾病和神經(jīng)性病變等慢性疾病具有潛在的預(yù)防或治療功效[1]。然而,鞣花單寧和鞣花酸的生物利用度極低,最終分布于組織及血液中的鞣花酸濃度往往低于其發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功效的有效濃度,部分未被吸收的鞣花酸則在哺乳動物胃腸道菌群的作用下代謝成更易吸收的尿石素(urolithin)類物質(zhì)[2-6]。因此,有報(bào)道認(rèn)為尿石素類物質(zhì)可能是鞣花單寧和鞣花酸在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮生物活性的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)[3,5,7]。近年來,有關(guān)尿石素生物活性、體內(nèi)代謝過程與組織分布等相關(guān)的研究引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注。

        1 尿石素的來源與結(jié)構(gòu)特征

        尿石素A(UroA)和尿石素B(UroB)最早是從羊腎結(jié)石中分離得到的鞣花酸代謝產(chǎn)物[8]。天然尿石素在自然界中并不常見,但作為鞣花單寧或鞣花酸的代謝產(chǎn)物卻廣泛分布于人、大鼠、小鼠、牛、豬等哺乳動物的尿液、糞便和膽汁中[9-11]。Espín等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),尿石素可在伊比利亞豬的膀胱和膽囊中富集至較高濃度,而在肌肉、脂肪、腎臟、肝臟、心臟等其他組織中則無明顯富集現(xiàn)象。小鼠[13]及人體實(shí)驗(yàn)[14-15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),尿石素及其衍生物在前列腺組織中有富集現(xiàn)象,在人結(jié)腸組織中也有分布[16]。

        尿石素是由鞣花酸失去一個(gè)內(nèi)酯環(huán),并逐步脫羥基而生成的[17]。鞣花酸失掉內(nèi)酯環(huán)后首先得到尿石素M-5(UroM-5),UroM-5不同位置脫羥基后生成尿石素D (UroD)、尿石素M-6(UroM-6)等幾種四羥基尿石素異構(gòu)體,四羥基尿石素失掉一個(gè)羥基后得到尿石素C (UroC)、尿石素M-7(UroM-7)等三羥基尿石素,三羥基尿石素再失掉一個(gè)羥基得到UroA和尿石素A異構(gòu)體(isoUroA)等二羥基尿石素,最后得到單羥基的尿石素B (UroB),且isoUroA較UroA更易脫羥基生成UroB[9]。García-Villalba等[18]采用腸道微生物體外代謝實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了鞣花酸的代謝物UroM-5、UroM-6、UroM-7、UroC和尿石素E(UroE),首次證實(shí)尿石素是在腸道菌群的作用下生成的。

        尿石素的特征性紫外圖譜可用來鑒別具有不同羥基取代的尿石素及其甲酯、葡糖醛酸酯或硫酸酯等衍生物[18]。尿石素在甲醇中的紫外圖譜顯示其在240~400 nm處有兩個(gè)主要的吸收峰,分別是峰1:300~380 nm和峰2:240~280 nm,許多情況下,也能檢測到280~300 nm處的峰。峰1和峰2與尿石素的特征環(huán)并沒有關(guān)系[19],但借助于紫外圖譜可區(qū)分出C-9位置是否有羥基取代,如UroA的異構(gòu)體在9號位置上有羥基,其峰1藍(lán)移,峰2的吸收有增加,最大吸收波長在256 nm處,而256 nm也是C-9位有羥基取代的尿石素類物質(zhì)主要吸收峰[9]。尿石素A、B、C的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1。

        圖1 尿石素A、B和C的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Chemical structures of UroA, UroB and UroC

        2 尿石素的生物活性

        近年來,有關(guān)尿石素生物活性的研究較多,其中以抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群、類雌激素/抗雌激素作用以及蛋白糖基化抑制作用等生理活性的研究較為集中(表1)。

        表1 尿石素對人類細(xì)胞系的生物活性Table 1 Biological activities of urolithins in human cell lines

        2.1抗氧化活性

        鑒于尿石素的前體物質(zhì)鞣花單寧及鞣花酸具有顯著的抗氧化活性,有關(guān)尿石素抗氧化活性的研究報(bào)道較多。氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,尿石素類代謝產(chǎn)物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中UroA的抗氧化活性最強(qiáng)[28],僅次于原花色素寡聚物、兒茶素、表兒茶素和3,4-二羥基苯乙酸等[29]。然而,與鞣花單寧及鞣花酸相比,尿石素的抗氧化活性顯著降低,如安石榴苷的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除活性是UroA的42 倍,2,2’-聯(lián)氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二銨鹽(2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)自由基清除活性是其3 500 倍[3]。在其他幾個(gè)抗氧化實(shí)驗(yàn)中,尿石素也表現(xiàn)出一定的抗氧化活性,其IC50值均在100 μmol/L以上[28]。但由于其細(xì)胞跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率較高,部分尿石素在體內(nèi)抗氧化實(shí)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)出較高的活性,如Bialonska等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),在細(xì)胞抗氧化實(shí)驗(yàn)中,UroC和UroA 的IC50值分別為0.16 μmol/L和13.6 μmol/L,而在同一實(shí)驗(yàn)中鞣花酸和VC 的IC50值分別為1.1 μmol/L和1.9 μmol/L。Haddad等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),人食用胡桃后,尿液中UroA的水平明顯升高,餐后生育酚、兒茶酚水平顯著升高,氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)顯著降低。通過氧化應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),UroB (0.5~20 μmol/L)和UroA(10 μmol/L)可增加細(xì)胞的存活率,表現(xiàn)出顯著的細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用[21]。UroA、UroB、8-甲氧基尿石素(8-OMe-Uro)及鞣花酸可顯著降低H2O2誘導(dǎo)的人膀胱癌T24細(xì)胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平,并能提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性[31]。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)尿石素不僅有抗氧化作用,也有助氧化作用。Kallio等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),尿石素在ORAC實(shí)驗(yàn)中抗氧化能力比較強(qiáng),而在細(xì)胞及Copper-initiated Prooxidant Activity(CIPA)實(shí)驗(yàn)中具有促氧化作用。

        2.2抗炎活性

        結(jié)腸成纖維細(xì)胞在腸道免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要作用,尿石素能顯著抑制白細(xì)胞介素-1b(interleukin-1b,IL-1b)或腫瘤壞死因子-a(tumor necrosis factors-a,TNF-a)誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸成纖維細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),降低炎性因子前列腺素E2(prostag landin E2,PGE2)的表達(dá)水平,其中UroA活性最強(qiáng),UroB次之,鞣花酸活性最弱。UroA還能顯著抑制IL-1b或TNF-a誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸成纖維細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(nuclear transcription factor-κB,NF-κB)與絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)的活化,下調(diào)環(huán)氧合酶-2(cyclo-oxygenase-2,COX-2)和膜結(jié)合型前列腺素E2合酶-1(microsomal PGE synthase-1,mPGES-1)等PGE2合成關(guān)鍵酶的表達(dá)量,進(jìn)而減少PGE2的水平[23]。UroB與UroC可顯著抑制組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(histone acetylase,HAT)活性,而組蛋白的乙?;蛉ヒ阴;c炎癥相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB 和AP-1的激活與失活相關(guān),因此UroB與UroC在炎癥中也發(fā)揮重要作用[33]。尿石素的葡糖醛酸衍生物也具有一定的抗炎活性,如UroA與UroB的葡萄糖醛酸酯能顯著抑制TNF-a,誘導(dǎo)人主動脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移及單核細(xì)胞的黏附,顯著降低CC趨化因子配體2(chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 2,CCL2)和纖溶酶原激活物抑制物-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1,PAI-1)的表達(dá),其活性與UroA、UroB的活性相當(dāng)[24],提示UroA與UroB的葡糖醛酸酯衍生物可能是石榴汁抑制心血管系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)的重要活性物質(zhì)[34]。

        2.3抗癌活性

        體外研究表明,尿石素能有效抑制前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌及膀胱癌細(xì)胞的增殖。尿石素在體內(nèi)的分布具有顯著的組織特異性,如食用石榴汁或胡桃后,代謝產(chǎn)物尿石素可富集于人的前列腺組織中,因此有望用于前列腺相關(guān)疾病的治療[20]。Vicinanza等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),石榴汁代謝物鞣花酸及UroA能抑制雄激素依賴的前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,且具有協(xié)同抑制作用。Stolarczyk等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),UroC能顯著抑制前列腺細(xì)胞系LNCaP的增殖(IC50=35.2 μmol/L),降低前列腺特異性抗原(prostatespecific antigen,PSA)的表達(dá)量,顯著抑制精氨酸酶的活性,因此UroC可能為柳葉菜屬(Epilobium)植物預(yù)防或治療前列腺癌的重要活性物質(zhì)。人細(xì)胞色素P450氧化酶CYP1B1是前列腺癌化療的重要靶點(diǎn),CYP1B1抑制劑在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及耐藥性形成過程中均發(fā)揮著重要作用。Kasimsetty 等[25]通過體外重組CYP1B1介導(dǎo)的7-乙氧基異吩惡唑脫乙基酶(ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD)活性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),尿石素可以通過抑制CYP1B1的活性并降低CYP1B1蛋白的表達(dá)量對其進(jìn)行雙重調(diào)節(jié)。其中,UroA與UroB 是CYP1B1的特異性抑制劑,其選擇性是CYP1A1的2~3倍,其前體物質(zhì)Punicalins與Punicalagins則是CYP1A1的特異性抑制劑,其選擇性是CYP1B1的5~10倍。鞣花酸及其代謝產(chǎn)物尿石素對人結(jié)腸癌Caco-2細(xì)胞的增殖也具有顯著的抑制作用,其機(jī)制主要與細(xì)胞S和G2/M周期阻滯,成纖維和表皮生長因子受體(fibroblast growth factor 2/epidermal growth factor receptor,F(xiàn)GFR2/EGFR),癌基因K-Ras、c-Myc,腫瘤抑制因子DUSP6、Fos以及細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)基因CCNB1、CCNB1IP1等的表達(dá)調(diào)控相關(guān)[26]。Kasimsetty等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),UroA、UroB、UroC和UroD在濃度為25~50 μmol/L時(shí)即可誘導(dǎo)人結(jié)腸癌HT-29細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,在50~75 μmol/L時(shí)能抑制50%的人細(xì)胞色素P450氧化酶CYP1的活性,而500 μmol/L時(shí)能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期阻滯。Qiu Zhenpeng等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),UroA、UroB、8-OMe-Uro及鞣花酸在體外可顯著抑制膀胱癌T24細(xì)胞系的增殖,其IC50分別為43.9、35.2、46.3、33.7 μmol/L,其抑制作用與p38-MAPK通路和/或c-Jun介導(dǎo)的Caspase-3激活以及T24細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的降低相關(guān)。

        尿石素類代謝產(chǎn)物可以抑制蛋白激酶CK2及拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ等與腫瘤相關(guān)酶的活性,并可影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的耐藥性。Cozza等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),鞣花酸和UroA在體外可顯著抑制蛋白激酶CK2酶的活性,其中UroA活性較強(qiáng),其IC50為0.39 μmol/L。鞣花酸及尿石素類物質(zhì)還是人拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱα與β型同工酶的競爭性抑制劑,在低于1 μmol/L的濃度水平即可與ATP競爭拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶中ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn),并表現(xiàn)出顯著的量效關(guān)系[38]。乳腺癌耐藥蛋白(breast cancer resistance protein,BCRP/ABCG2)是介導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥的一種重要蛋白,嚴(yán)重影響癌癥的化療效果。Gonzalez-Sarrias等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),UroA及其硫酸酯衍生物可作為BCRP/ABCG2的底物,可以劑量依賴性地抑制抗腫瘤藥物米托蒽醌的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。這說明鞣花單寧及鞣花酸的腸道代謝物能夠調(diào)節(jié)ABCG2/BCRP介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過程和癌癥耐藥機(jī)制。

        2.4調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群

        腸道菌群通過群體感應(yīng)(quorum sensing,QS)產(chǎn)生、釋放一些特定的信號分子進(jìn)行信息交流,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)微生物的群體行為和基因表達(dá)。哺乳動物腸道病原體小腸結(jié)腸炎耶爾森菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)能產(chǎn)生N-己酰高絲氨酸內(nèi)酯(C6-HSL)與N-(3-氧橋)-己酰高絲氨酸內(nèi)酯(3-oxo-C6-HSL)兩種重要的N-?;呓z氨酸內(nèi)酯(N-acyl-homoserine lactones,AHLs)類信號分子,這些AHLs信號分子在QS介導(dǎo)的腸道感染過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[40],UroA與UroB能顯著降低Y. enterocolitica中C6-HSL與3-oxo-C6-HSL信號分子的表達(dá)量,抑制QS相關(guān)的生物膜形成與運(yùn)動過程,但這種抑制作用與AHLs合成相關(guān)基因yenI和yenR,以及運(yùn)動相關(guān)基因flhDC、fliA和fleB的表達(dá)下調(diào)無關(guān)。由此可見,尿石素類化合物可以通過腸道菌群的群體感應(yīng)抑制致病菌的生長,從而維持腸道菌群的平衡。

        2.5雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑

        植物源類雌激素/抗雌激素物質(zhì)具有調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇水平、維持絕經(jīng)后骨密度等多種功效。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),UroA與UroB的特殊分子結(jié)構(gòu)使其容易與α-和β-雌激素受體結(jié)合[22],但由于其取代基不同,其類雌激素作用也存在差異[41],其中UroA對雌激素α-和β-受體的親和性比UroB大,并且UroA更容易結(jié)合雌激素α-受體。UroA與UroB可劑量依賴性促進(jìn)對雌激素敏感的人乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MCF-7的增殖,呈現(xiàn)出弱雌激素樣作用,且濃度高達(dá)40 μmol/L時(shí),也不會抑制MCF-7細(xì)胞的增殖或表現(xiàn)出細(xì)胞毒性作用。尿石素還具有一定的抗雌激素作用,可劑量依賴性抑制雌二醇誘導(dǎo)的MCF-7細(xì)胞的增殖作用[22]。

        2.6抑制蛋白糖基化

        蛋白質(zhì)糖基化終產(chǎn)物是高血糖癥的次生效應(yīng),其與心腦血管疾病、糖尿病及老年癡呆等疾病密切相關(guān)[42]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),UroA和UroB(1 μmol/L)可顯著抑制蛋白質(zhì)的糖基化,其中UroA呈顯著的量效關(guān)系,而UroB則不存在明顯的量效關(guān)系。尿石素的這種蛋白質(zhì)糖基化抑制作用與其抗氧化活性及乙二醛結(jié)合能力無關(guān)[21]。

        3 結(jié) 語

        目前,國際上對鞣花酸及富含鞣花單寧與鞣花酸的食物在不同動物體內(nèi)代謝生成尿石素的種類及含量的變化規(guī)律已有較多報(bào)道,隨著高效液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)等高通量、高靈敏度檢測方法的應(yīng)用,更多的尿石素及其衍生物陸續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn),有關(guān)尿石素生物學(xué)活性的研究也逐漸成為新的研究熱點(diǎn),這對系統(tǒng)評價(jià)腸道菌群的代謝過程對鞣花單寧及鞣花酸生物活性的影響提供了更多的理論支撐。但是,目前關(guān)于尿石素的生物活性研究多為基于酶活性或細(xì)胞模型的體外活性評價(jià),整體動物實(shí)驗(yàn)和人體實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)十分有限,僅有極少數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了尿石素的體內(nèi)抗氧化[43-44]及其潛在化療作用[43]。因此,有必要對尿石素開展更多整體動物實(shí)驗(yàn)或人體實(shí)驗(yàn),并結(jié)合營養(yǎng)代謝組學(xué)等方法全面分析腸道菌群代謝過程及尿石素種類和含量的變化對鞣花單寧及鞣花酸生物活性的影響。鑒于我國關(guān)于尿石素的研究剛剛起步,更需要進(jìn)一步開展尿石素構(gòu)效關(guān)系、體內(nèi)代謝與分布規(guī)律、安全性評價(jià)及我國人群腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)對其代謝規(guī)律等方面的研究,這對于富含鞣花酸類食品的科學(xué)合理利用具有重要意義。

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        [20]BIALONSKA D, KASIMSETTY S G, KHAN S I, et al. Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009, 57(21): 10181-10186.

        [21]VERZELLONI E, PELLACANI C, TAGLIAZUCCHI D, et al. Antiglycative and neuroprotective activity of colon-derived polyphenol catabolites[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2011, 55(Suppl 1): 35-43.

        [22]LARROSA M, GONZáLEZ-SARRíAS A, GARCíA-CONESA M T, et al. Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora, exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54(5): 1611-1620.

        [23]GONZáLEZ-SARRíAS A, LARROSA M, TOMáS-BARBERáN F A, et al. NF-κB-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid-derived metabolites, in human colonic fibroblasts[J]. The British Journal of Nutrition, 2010, 104(4): 503-512.

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        [28]LARROSA M, GONZáLEZ-SARRíAS A, Yá?EZ-GASCóN M J, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on the phenolic metabolism[J]. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2010, 21(8): 717-725.

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        A Review of Urolithins, Gut Microflora Metabolites of Dietary Ellagic Acid

        YIN Peipei1, YAN Linlin1, CAO Ruoyu1, CHEN Xiaoyuan2, MA Chao1,*, LIU Yujun1,*
        (1. College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jina n 250101, China)

        Abstract:Ellagitannins and ellagic acid are natural polyphenols widely distributed in pomegranate, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, grape and walnut. However, the absorption of ellagitannins and ellagic acid is extremely poor and the unabsorbed ellagitannins and ellagic acid can be further metabolized to urolithins by the gut microbiota in the colon. It is therefore conceivable that the health effects of ellagitannins-containing products can be associated with the gut-produced urolithins, and thus, the evaluation of biological effects of these metabolites is essential. The present review covers the recent studies concerning the chemical properties and biological activities of urolithins.

        Key words:urolithins; ellagic acid; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anticancer

        doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201507047

        中圖分類號:TS201.4

        文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

        文章編號:1002-6630(2015)07-0256-05

        *通信作者:馬超(1979—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)樘烊划a(chǎn)物化學(xué)。E-mail:machao@bjfu.edu.cn劉玉軍(1962—),男,教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)樗幱弥参飳W(xué)。E-mail:yjliubio@126.com

        作者簡介:尹培培(1989—),女,碩士,研究方向?yàn)樗幱弥参锛捌浯紊x產(chǎn)物。E-mail:happy62889@126.com

        基金項(xiàng)目:北京市高等學(xué)校“青年英才計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目(YETP0757)

        收稿日期:2014-05-22

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