付曉瑩,馮永杰,梁宏德,楊玉榮
中國弓形蟲分離株基因型及致病性的研究進(jìn)展
付曉瑩,馮永杰,梁宏德,楊玉榮
弓形蟲(Toxoplasmagondii)是一種廣泛寄生于人和恒溫動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的原蟲,有著復(fù)雜的生活史和致病機(jī)制。近年來關(guān)于弓形蟲種群結(jié)構(gòu)的研究表明其具有遺傳多樣性和地域差異性。目前,已從全球分離到1 457個(gè)弓形蟲蟲株,確定了189個(gè)基因型(http://ToxoDB.org),其中南美的基因型具有高度的遺傳多樣性,關(guān)于我國流行的弓形蟲蟲株基因型及致病性的研究尚十分有限。本文總結(jié)了我國弓形蟲分離蟲株的基因型及特點(diǎn),以期為深入研究中國弓形蟲種群結(jié)構(gòu)、流行病學(xué)及致病機(jī)制提供有力依據(jù)。
弓形蟲;基因型;致病性;PCR-限制性片段長度多態(tài)性
剛地弓形蟲(Toxoplasmagondii)是一種呈世界性分布的細(xì)胞內(nèi)寄生原蟲,可感染包括人類在內(nèi)的幾乎所有恒溫動(dòng)物,引起弓形蟲病[1]。據(jù)估計(jì),全世界約有1/3的人感染弓形蟲,其中北美的感染率約為16%~40%,而在歐洲和南美感染率高達(dá)50%~80%,中國人群弓形蟲血清抗體平均陽性率為7.9%[2]。健康人群感染弓形蟲后主要表現(xiàn)為無癥狀的隱性感染,但對免疫功能低下及免疫缺陷者(如惡性腫瘤、AIDS及器官移植患者),則可引起死亡[3]。孕婦、懷孕母畜(山羊、綿羊)感染弓形蟲,可引起出生缺陷、死胎或流產(chǎn)。
弓形蟲屬頂復(fù)門,球蟲綱,球蟲目,肉孢子蟲科,弓形蟲屬,弓形蟲種,但弓形蟲與其它肉孢子蟲不同,肉孢子蟲大多具有嚴(yán)格的宿主選擇性,而弓形蟲宿主范圍廣泛。弓形蟲生活史發(fā)育過程需要兩個(gè)宿主,貓科動(dòng)物為終末宿主,弓形蟲對中間宿主的選擇極不嚴(yán)格,無論哺乳類、鳥類、人和貓科動(dòng)物都可作為中間宿主。弓形蟲對組織器官的選擇也不嚴(yán)格,除成熟的紅細(xì)胞之外,任何有核細(xì)胞都可侵犯。中間宿主可以通過三種途徑感染弓形蟲:攝入含有包囊的生的或未煮熟的肉類、食入被卵囊污染的食物或飲水、母嬰垂直傳播[4]。
剛地弓形蟲的基因型有著高度的地域差異性和遺傳多態(tài)性[5]。目前,關(guān)于如何確定弓形蟲基因型,尚無確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。傳統(tǒng)的弓形蟲基因分類有:I、II、III型以及非典型基因型。I型蟲株對遠(yuǎn)交小鼠和免疫抑制患者有很強(qiáng)的致病性,而II、III型的致病性較弱[6]。目前,廣泛接受的是用ToxoDB PCR限制性片段長度多態(tài)性分析(PCR-RFLP)方法確定弓形蟲基因型。弓形蟲非典型基因型包括12型、BrI、BrII、BrIII、Africa 1、中國1型等。Africa 1和Africa 3是出現(xiàn)在非洲的主要基因型[7-8]。而南美洲雖以III型和ToxoDB#7型多見,但其基因型顯示出高度的遺傳多態(tài)性,而且這些蟲株的基因序列很獨(dú)特,是由不同系構(gòu)成且在種群之間顯示出很強(qiáng)的差異性[9],造成免疫抑制病人嚴(yán)重弓形蟲病的蟲株大都是來自南美的非典型基因型。這些不同的基因序列表明了剛地弓形蟲在北美和歐洲大都通過無性繁殖來傳播,而在南美則多為有性結(jié)合。Su[10]在2012年對全球956株弓形蟲基因型進(jìn)行了鑒定及分析,通過PCR-RFLP、微衛(wèi)星分型及多重酶切電泳分析(MLEE)這三種方法鑒定出138種基因型,從而表明世界弓形蟲的種群結(jié)構(gòu)包括了豐富的種系以及不同蟲株的雜交系。目前,已從1 457個(gè)弓形蟲分離株,確定189個(gè)基因型(http://ToxoDB.org)。
中國地處于亞歐大陸東部,太平洋西岸,南北跨緯度約50°。由于大部分地區(qū)處于溫帶,氣候潮濕,因此生物多樣性較為豐富。中國居住著56個(gè)民族,部分人群有吃生肉的生活習(xí)慣,增加了弓形蟲感染的幾率[11]。我國動(dòng)物源性弓形蟲遺傳特點(diǎn)的報(bào)道結(jié)果顯示,ToxoDB#9為中國大陸的優(yōu)勢基因型[12-13],這種基因型的蟲株在越南、斯里蘭卡、巴西、哥倫比亞等國家亦有發(fā)現(xiàn)[14-17],且這種基因型不同于北美和歐洲弓形蟲蟲株。不過,有關(guān)來自中國動(dòng)物的弓形蟲基因型及致病性研究報(bào)道仍很少,尤其是野生動(dòng)物。從人體分離到7株弓形蟲。本文歸納了從18個(gè)省、直轄市、自治區(qū)分離的154株弓形蟲,共揭示了14個(gè)基因型,流行我國的弓形蟲蟲株具有有限的遺傳多態(tài)性(表1)。
表1 流行我國的弓形蟲蟲株基因分型結(jié)果
表1(續(xù))
Note: H: Heart; T: Tongue; BR: Brain; F: Feces; BL: Blood; LN: Lymph nodes; LU: Lung; LV: Liver; M: Muscle.
3.1 中國弓形蟲蟲株基因型特點(diǎn) 歸納的154株蟲株中有93株是分離的活蟲蟲株鑒定出來的(表2)。在這93株分離到的人及動(dòng)物源性弓形蟲中,62株(66.67%)屬于ToxoDB#9型譜系,基因型ToxoDB#9在SAG2,GRA6,L358,PK1,c22-8 位點(diǎn)為 II 型圖譜,在c29-2,SAG3 和BTUB位點(diǎn)顯示為 III 型圖譜,而在Apico 位點(diǎn)則為 I 型圖譜。且ToxoDB#9型大都分布在中國中部和南部地區(qū),并且在貓、豬和弓形蟲病人中均有過報(bào)道[12-13,18],除了人、貓、豬以外,這型蟲株還分離于野鼠中。目前國內(nèi)有關(guān)野生動(dòng)物感染弓形蟲的報(bào)道甚少,嚙齒類和某些小動(dòng)物是弓形蟲重要的中間宿主,因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡苁鞘橙鈩?dòng)物感染弓形蟲潛在的來源??傊?,關(guān)于野生動(dòng)物感染弓形蟲的研究非常重要,野生動(dòng)物傳播弓形蟲的機(jī)制還不十分清楚??梢哉f明ToxoDB#9型是廣泛流行于中國大陸的優(yōu)勢基因型。在剩下的31株弓形蟲中,12株(12.90%)屬于ToxoDB#3,這型蟲株也是從人、貓、豬中分離的,除此以外,ToxoDB #3也在青海綿羊、新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的鳥類[19]、甘肅蘭州麻雀中鑒定得到,這說明了ToxoDB #3也是中國大陸流行的主要蟲株之一。ToxoDB #3還在哥倫比亞、斯里蘭卡、越南和美國這些國家鑒定得到,這也說明了它在亞洲、北美和南美也普遍流行。
在我國分離的弓形蟲蟲株中,強(qiáng)致病性的蟲株(ToxoDB#10)有2株,占2.15%,分離于人和貓。其余的91株弓形蟲都為弱毒株,貓和豬、人感染居多,且呈隱性感染。
表2 我國分離到的93株弓形蟲特點(diǎn)
在整合的這11個(gè)中國分離的弓形蟲基因型中,有3個(gè)基因型是首次報(bào)道,但在弓形蟲基因型數(shù)據(jù)庫上(http://ToxoDB.org)未有記錄,ToxoDB#204,ToxoDB#205,ToxoDB#225。ToxoDB#204在SAG1位點(diǎn)顯示為獨(dú)一無二的譜系μ-2,余下9個(gè)位點(diǎn)和Type II型酶切圖譜相同;ToxoDB#205在SAG3和L358位點(diǎn)顯示為I型圖譜,其余8個(gè)位點(diǎn)為II型圖譜,它可能來源于中國家養(yǎng)動(dòng)物中I型和II型的有性結(jié)合;ToxoDB#225在SAG3位點(diǎn)顯示III圖譜,其余位點(diǎn)顯示I型圖譜。這3個(gè)基因型提示流行我國的弓形蟲蟲株之間存在著有性重組,有性重組會產(chǎn)生一種新的基因型而且可能改變它原有的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn),如增強(qiáng)了對小鼠甚至人的致病性等[33]。ToxoDB#17(也被稱為Type BrIV)之前在南美報(bào)道過,但是首次從中國貓?bào)w內(nèi)分離出來[22]。
3.2 中國弓形蟲株的致病性 按照傳統(tǒng)的弓形蟲基因型分類:Type I 型蟲株為強(qiáng)毒株(LD100=1 parasite),Type II型和Type III型蟲株為弱毒株(LD100>=1000 parasites)。目前,對于來源于國內(nèi)的弓形蟲株其遺傳特點(diǎn)和毒力之間的關(guān)系還知之甚少。王林[34]采用來自于4個(gè)省市15株ToxoDB#9型弓形蟲速殖子(1×103)腹腔感染昆明鼠,死亡率從10%-100%不等,弓形蟲TgCtwh6、TgCtsd2、TgCtsd3速殖子(1×103)感染小鼠后只出現(xiàn)一過性反應(yīng),這說明ToxoDB#9型不同蟲株對小鼠的致病性不同。另外,王林還觀察了TgCtwh6在小鼠體內(nèi)的動(dòng)態(tài)分布,結(jié)果表明血液中蟲體能持續(xù)至第35天,在此期間蟲體可傳播至體內(nèi)其他組織器官以及通過胎盤傳播給發(fā)育中的胎兒,造成嚴(yán)重的弓形蟲病。不同基因型弓形蟲在小鼠體內(nèi)散播的規(guī)律以及對小鼠的致病性將會為弓形蟲致病機(jī)制及毒力的研究奠定基礎(chǔ),但目前關(guān)于我國弓形蟲分離株研究甚少,因此需要我們做更多的努力。
近年來,世界各地人和動(dòng)物體內(nèi)分離的弓形蟲基因型越來越多,具有豐富的遺傳多態(tài)性。已知I和II型在全球廣泛分布,為歐洲和北美、非洲的優(yōu)勢基因型;而南美洲分離蟲株基因型顯示出高度的遺傳多態(tài)性。然而對于我國流行的弓形蟲蟲株基因型方面的研究尚十分欠缺,不足以查明流行我國的弓形蟲的傳播、進(jìn)化規(guī)律、生物學(xué)特征及其致病特點(diǎn)。本文整合了我國人及動(dòng)物源性弓形蟲分離蟲株的基因型鑒定結(jié)果及代表性蟲株對小鼠的毒力研究進(jìn)展,以期為我國弓形蟲蟲株的種群進(jìn)化、致病機(jī)制、疫苗研發(fā)及弓形蟲病的診斷提供依據(jù)。
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Genotypes and pathogenesis ofToxoplasmagondiiisolates in China
FU Xiao-ying,FENG Yong-jie,LIANG Hong-de,YANG Yu-rong
(EngineeringCollegeofAnimalHusbandryandVeterinaryScience,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,Zhengzhou450002,China)
Toxoplasmagondii(T.gondii) is a protozoon which infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and it has a complex life cycle and pathogenesis. The studies aboutT.gondiipopulation structure have shown that it has a genetic diversity and regional differences, recently. Now, 189 genotypes have been identified from 1 457 isolates collected from all around the world (http://ToxoDB.org). In contrast, the isolates from humans and animals from South America are genetically diverse. There was less information about genotypes and virulence ofT.gondiiisolations from China. The present study reviewed the genotypes and their biological characteristics ofT.gondiifrom animals and humans in China and provided basis for the research aboutT.gondiipopulation structure, epidemiology and pathogenic mechanism in the further.
Toxoplasmagondii; genotype; pathogenicity; PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Yang Yu-rong, Email: yangyu7712@sina.com
國家自然科學(xué)基金(No. 30800812)
楊玉榮,Email:yangyu7712@sina.com
河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)牧醫(yī)工程學(xué)院,鄭州 450002
10.3969/cjz.j.issn.1002-2694.2015.07.016
R382.5
A
1002-2694(2015)07-0669-05
2015-01-12;
2015-05-25
Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No.30800812)