胡一君,周 健,舒 歡
(河海大學商學院,江蘇 南京 211100)
基于文化融合理論的國際工程項目跨文化風險三維應對模型設(shè)計
胡一君,周健,舒歡
(河海大學商學院,江蘇 南京211100)
摘要:在分析項目與企業(yè)文化融合區(qū)別的基礎(chǔ)上,從人員層級、工作環(huán)節(jié)以及項目實施階段3個維度出發(fā),剖析國際工程項目跨文化融合的可能路徑,并且基于跨文化融合過程分析構(gòu)建基于三維文化融合的跨文化風險應對模型。以巴基斯坦高摩贊水利水電工程項目為例,對其工程實踐過程中遭遇的跨文化風險進行實證研究,并給出具體的應對措施。
關(guān)鍵詞:國際工程項目;跨文化風險;應對模型;文化融合理論
國際經(jīng)濟合作伴隨著文化的交流與碰撞,尤其在通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度發(fā)達的今天,國際文化交流的頻率正在以人們無法想象的速率遞增。異質(zhì)文化間的交流勢必會產(chǎn)生由于文化差異導致的文化載體雙方之間的矛盾和沖突,這一點在國際工程項目的實施過程中表現(xiàn)得尤為顯著。
由于文化差異導致的跨文化風險影響深遠,如果不對跨文化風險加以預防和控制,會對工程項目的順利實施產(chǎn)生影響,嚴重的會導致項目失敗。因此,對國際工程項目遭遇的跨文化風險進行研究,尋求應對之法很有必要。
目前學術(shù)界已有的科研成果多集中在企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營、合并中跨文化風險的應對,對于國際工程項目實施過程中遭遇的跨文化風險應對尚未有系統(tǒng)的研究成果。本文通過構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)性的跨文化風險應對模型,以期為中國承包商在海外工程項目承包過程中增強跨文化風險的有效管理、提升工程項目實施績效提供有益的借鑒。
1跨文化風險應對的演進發(fā)展
1986年,Adler等[1-2]從跨文化管理的宏觀層面出發(fā),基于文化差異的分析,給出了異質(zhì)文化間相互協(xié)調(diào)的方法,來解決文化差異導致的跨文化沖突,其主要途徑為:超越、妥協(xié)以及融合。趙曙明[3]從對不同文化進行整合的風險應對思路出發(fā),針對6個具體方面提出了應對措施。俞文釗等[4]提出整合同化策略,即通過將不同價值觀整合為相同的價值觀,達到強化跨文化風險管理的目的。唐炎釗等[5]提出了包括跨文化培訓和溝通在內(nèi)的幾種跨文化風險應對策略。方正勇等[6]提出在跨文化風險管理過程中,可以通過培訓以及人才本土化實現(xiàn)跨文化的有效管理。陳弘[7]就其所研究的跨文化風險的不同方面,提出了包括文化整合等在內(nèi)的一系列應對措施。劉光敏[8]從管理體制和團隊建設(shè)兩方面提出了跨文化風險的管理策略:在管理體制上,構(gòu)建統(tǒng)一文化,整合統(tǒng)一價值觀,從而明確了文化沖突的解決途徑;在團隊建設(shè)上,采取分項目階段進行管理人員角色轉(zhuǎn)換管理策略,以建立高效管理團隊。劉俊穎等[9]針對國際工程聯(lián)營體在實踐過程中可能遭遇的跨文化風險構(gòu)建了一套文化-績效仿真模型。吳丹[10]從溝通、種族優(yōu)越感以及管理3個維度分析了跨文化風險,并提出文化認同、人員水平提升等風險控制措施。王雪青等[11]對文化沖突解決模式進行了研究,建立了一套跨文化整合模型以應對文化差異導致的跨文化沖突。
2文化融合理論及跨文化風險應對框架
a. 文化融合:即兩種不同源的文化間在相互作用的過程,最終達到相互融合的和諧狀態(tài)。不同源的文化是指這兩種文化間的特性、表現(xiàn)形式均不同。
b. 文化融合理論:即通過分析文化適應的過程,采用文化融合思想,將兩種文化適應的過程向統(tǒng)一化的路徑發(fā)展,通過心理以及行為的雙重融合,達到促進跨文化適應以及解決文化沖突的目的[12]。文化融合是兩種文化間相互適應的一條路徑,而文化融合理論則是在其基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而成的一種學說。
企業(yè)為了追求在目標國家或者地區(qū)長期的發(fā)展,會積極了解目標國家的文化背景、宗教以及風俗習慣,在人員招募過程中會考慮雇員工作的長久穩(wěn)定性,而這正好給了文化融合一個非常合適的培育土壤。雖然在企業(yè)中,人員的流動性還是存在的,但是就長期來看,其流動性相比國際工程項目而言要小得多,以形象化的描述就是一次大融合和無數(shù)次的小融合。所謂大融合是指跨國公司在目標國剛成立分公司的時候由于人員的配置、組織架構(gòu)、工作管理都是第一次,在這個過程中需要進行一次大的文化融合,在雇員相對穩(wěn)定后,公司內(nèi)部已經(jīng)有一套屬于自己的文化模式,包括價值觀念、工作氛圍等,后續(xù)只需要對人員流動后的新成員進行培訓,使其適應該文化模式即可。
國際工程項目大多是一次性的項目,其文化融合的培育周期相對于企業(yè)而言要短得多,項目成員的構(gòu)成也多為一次性的,且雇員的流動性相比較企業(yè)要大得多。以巴基斯坦高摩贊工程項目為例,當?shù)毓蛦T存在工資夠花就行的心態(tài),每到工資結(jié)算后就會有大批雇員請長假甚至離職,這都給文化融合帶來了難度。但是從跨文化風險管理的角度考慮,無論是項目的實際需求,還是承包商企業(yè)的長遠發(fā)展,文化融合都是其進軍不同國際工程承包市場必須經(jīng)歷的過程。在這個過程中,需要考慮短周期進行文化融合的合適路徑以及面對項目成員高流動性問題下的多次融合方案。
基于文化融合理論的跨文化風險應對框架如圖1所示。從圖1可以看出,基于文化融合理論的跨文化風險應對框架具有以下幾個特點:
圖1 基于文化融合理論的跨文化風險應對框架
a. 以國際工程項目績效目標為導向。國際工程項目是文化融合理論服務(wù)的具體對象,從國際工程項目績效出發(fā),可以使得文化融合工作更具有目標性,績效的提升可以作為文化融合進程的考核依據(jù)之一,始終以工程項目績效的提升為目標,從而避免文化融合工作的被動和盲目。
b. 動態(tài)性??缥幕L險在國際工程項目中無處不在,貫穿了項目實施整體,無論從不同階段的角度還是同一階段的不同時間節(jié)點,跨文化風險都在不停變動,文化融合的過程因而具有動態(tài)性。在文化融合的過程中需要信息的不斷反饋和總結(jié),從而不斷進行文化融合各個維度工作的調(diào)整和優(yōu)化,以實現(xiàn)最優(yōu)管理。
c. 三維文化融合路徑。已有文化融合理論的相關(guān)研究多以文化承載體——人為研究對象。從宏觀層面研究文化融合過程,包括個人對不同文化背景下人行為的理解,雙方文化共生到最終文化融合,對實踐的指導意義不強。從圖1可以看出,本文的研究對象是國際工程項目的實施過程,結(jié)合施工過程中包括人員、流程、組織在內(nèi)的工作流程管理,將文化融合的路徑從人員層級、工作環(huán)節(jié)以及實施階段3個維度展開,最終實現(xiàn)國際工程項目實施階段跨文化風險管理的創(chuàng)新。
3國際工程項目跨文化融合過程
國際工程項目跨文化融合可以分解為接觸、適應、學習以及完善幾個過程。接觸過程為文化融合提供了前提條件以及融合媒介,融合的基礎(chǔ)就是文化間的相互接觸;適應過程是文化融合的起步階段,該過程中主要是文化之間初步認可;學習過程是在適應過程的基礎(chǔ)上開展的,在該過程中異質(zhì)文化載體雙方相互學習,增進了解;完善過程是基于雙方對文化的學習基礎(chǔ)上進行的,異質(zhì)文化之間相互融合,形成新文化,即完成了融合過程。
人員層級維度屬于文化融合的微觀層面,員工層面若能順利融合,跨文化管理的問題就能得到很好的解決,國際工程項目的績效也會得到提升。人員層級維度文化融合應從兩方面展開,根據(jù)不同的對象群體分為項目管理層人員文化融合以及普通項目成員文化融合。
表1 巴基斯坦高摩贊工程風險管理現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查問卷
對于項目管理層人員,為使其融合度得到提升:①應了解對方的文化,分析雙方文化間的差異,以及該差異可能帶來的影響,在思想層面上引起足夠的重視;②尊重文化差異,管理層人員需要了解在與項目參與各方以及一線勞務(wù)工人的溝通交流過程中注意的方式方法,在實際相處過程中避免產(chǎn)生矛盾;③中方管理人員的決策方式多為集體討論的形式,缺乏個人的主動性,而外方管理人員則習慣個人做出決定,所以在聘請國外管理人員時,需要注意不同文化背景管理人員的決策習慣,取長補短,增加決策的有效性;④來自不同文化背景的管理層人員在管理過程中的理念因各自價值觀的不同也存在差異,在實踐過程中應注重養(yǎng)成共同價值觀,而共同價值觀主要包括經(jīng)濟利益基礎(chǔ)以及社會效益觀,管理層人員應在明確各方訴求的基礎(chǔ)上進行差異化管理。
對于普通項目成員,其文化的融合度主要受思想、語言以及行為三方面的影響。①思想觀念層面員工應避免強烈的民族優(yōu)越感,在實際工作過程中注意尊重對方的文化,同時,要通過宣傳、動員、培訓等手段讓外方員工了解中方的思想觀念、文化背景,雙方相互作用,從而達到思想觀念層面的融合。②語言障礙層面應提前了解目標國的官方及常用語言等,對中方員工進行語言培訓,從承包商的角度而言,需要使己方的員工不存在日常語言交流層面的問題;另一方面,目標國項目參與成員在工作過程中可以通過一些形式讓他們了解中文,達到彼此溝通順暢的目的。③行為方式層面需要員工之間增進相互了解,在入職之初進行性格、行為方式的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計,在相互了解的基礎(chǔ)上,相互適應,協(xié)調(diào)各自的行為。
人員層級維度的文化融合過程見圖2(a)。
工作環(huán)節(jié)維度的文化融合分析應從單工作環(huán)節(jié)及多工作環(huán)節(jié)搭接方面展開。
從單個工作環(huán)節(jié)角度來看,由于不同文化背景的員工對待項目的態(tài)度、積極性及責任感都不同,國際工程項目承包商在進行單個工作環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)的安排與布置時,應通過不斷的調(diào)查、訪談、總結(jié),及時了解員工對目前單個工作環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)的完工效率和壓力感,從項目按時完工的角度,綜合考慮總的任務(wù)量,合理進行單個工作環(huán)節(jié)任務(wù)安排。同時需要建立一套彈性的激勵約束機制,無論是一線的作業(yè)層人員還是中高層管理人員,合理的激勵機制有助于項目績效的順利實現(xiàn)。對于作業(yè)層人員,可以適當提升獎勵薪酬、激勵制度;對于中高層管理人員,可以充分予以工作權(quán)限,實現(xiàn)其個人價值。
圖2 國際工程項目文化融合過程分析
從多工作環(huán)節(jié)搭接的角度來看,不同文化背景的員工有其獨特的宗教、風俗習慣,以巴基斯坦高摩贊工程項目為例,當?shù)毓蛡騿T工每日有5次祈禱時間,穆斯林齋月和穆斯林節(jié)日期間,當?shù)毓蛦T出勤率和效率均下降,對施工進度產(chǎn)生了影響。國際工程項目承包商在進行員工班組工作搭接安排過程中,需要將這些因素考慮在內(nèi),合理進行排班和人員調(diào)動。同時,不同工作之間的搭接涉及員工之間的對接,員工需要對自身工作做好總結(jié)并對今后的工作做好交流和溝通,中外雙方成員形成良好的工作習慣,促進文化融合工作的開展。
工作環(huán)節(jié)維度的文化融合過程見圖2(b)。
國際工程項目實施階段維度的對象是項目組,在該維度中,文化融合需要考慮幾方面的因素:項目文化的養(yǎng)成、工作氛圍的營造、制度文化的落實以及文化融合的動態(tài)檢驗。
項目文化的養(yǎng)成涉及組織管理的有效性。從項目層面進行文化融合,需要綜合不同文化背景成員的文化特性,取長補短,形成一套該項目特有的文化模式,而該文化模式一定是積極的、于項目績效實現(xiàn)有利的,其養(yǎng)成需要通過培訓、宣傳等手段為眾成員熟知并以此為自身的文化特性。
工作氛圍的營造需要項目各成員的積極參與,同時也需要企業(yè)給項目成員學習和培訓的機會,使員工在該項目工作中充滿成就感。同時應宣傳中方家的文化思想,以茶話會、聯(lián)誼會等形式增強項目成員的歸屬感。另外從員工的角度來看,員工間相互鼓勵、互相扶持的特質(zhì)也能增強來自不同文化背景項目成員的歸屬感。
制度文化的落實需要承包商完善國際工程項目管理體系,落實具體責任到個人,實行獎罰分明的激勵制度,對工作安排、人事調(diào)動實行標準化管理,形成制度性文件。制度是標準化管理的載體,同樣,制度文化是項目跨文化管理的重要載體,制度化有助于提升管理的有效性。
對國際工程項目而言,動態(tài)檢驗是文化融合工作的核心內(nèi)容。文化融合的動態(tài)性特征意味著在國際工程項目實施階段的每一個時間點其文化融合狀態(tài)都不一樣,需要及時了解融合的進程以及項目成員的反映,并及時做出反饋,然后進行調(diào)整,這樣循環(huán)往復的過程即為文化融合的動態(tài)檢驗。
項目實施階段的文化融合過程見圖2(c)。
4基于三維文化融合的跨文化風險應對模型建立
從國際工程項目跨文化融合的不同層次出發(fā),將國際工程項目跨文化風險問題的解決路徑劃分為人員層級維度、工作環(huán)節(jié)維度以及項目實施階段維度。通過分析這3個維度跨文化融合的不同路徑,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)他們之間并不完全獨立,三者之間相互關(guān)聯(lián),基于此,本文建立基于三維文化融合的跨文化風險應對模型,見圖3。
圖3 基于三維文化融合的跨文化風險應對模型
基于三維文化融合的跨文化風險應對模型的建立有助于多方案選擇。從圖3可見,人員層級、項目實施階段以及工作環(huán)節(jié)3個維度構(gòu)成一個三維空間,其中A11代表管理層決策方式調(diào)整、單工作環(huán)節(jié)合理安排以及項目文化的形成之間的公共部分。在制定單因素影響下文化融合路徑方案時,可以選擇好幾種方案,通常選擇既能滿足管理層決策方式調(diào)整,也能滿足單工作環(huán)節(jié)合理安排并有助于項目文化形成的方案,從而降低文化融合工作的顯性和隱性成本。
5實證分析
巴基斯坦高摩贊水利水電樞紐工程項目背景見文獻[13],巴基斯坦的文化環(huán)境背景見文獻[14]。本研究依托《中水七局國際工程風險識別與應對策略研究》課題,通過調(diào)查問卷的形式,將問卷發(fā)送給項目駐地的管理人員,以了解項目當?shù)乜缥幕L險的相關(guān)情況??缥幕L險識別維度見文獻[15],調(diào)查問卷見表1。
從表1可以看到,巴基斯坦高摩贊項目在實施過程中面臨著本族文化主義風險、溝通風險、價值觀念差異風險以及宗教與風俗習慣風險。
5.2.1人員層級維度
針對管理層,主要從決策方式的調(diào)整、管理理念的提升以及管理方式的變通角度開展,主要應對措施包括管理人員的選拔聘任以及培訓。選拔聘任是指在項目進駐目標國之初對管理人員的選拔需要制定一定的標準,綜合考慮管理人員對巴基斯坦宗教、風俗習慣的排斥性,對烏爾都語以及英語的掌握程度,類似國際工程的管理經(jīng)驗以及人脈關(guān)系等指標。培訓主要是對巴基斯坦的穆斯林文化,包括宗教、語言、風俗習慣以及相關(guān)的溝通方式等進行培訓,使管理人員在項目管理過程中做到心中有數(shù),在尊重對方文化的基礎(chǔ)上進行決策并采取合適的管理方式。
針對普通員工,主要從人員思想觀念融合、行為方式融合以及語言溝通融合等方面展開,具體措施包括人才本土化、國內(nèi)員工的選拔以及開展相關(guān)培訓。人才本土化是指對于律師、會計、翻譯以及部分勞工可以聘請高摩贊當?shù)氐?通過當?shù)厝耸煜ぎ數(shù)貥I(yè)務(wù)的特性提升項目的績效。國內(nèi)員工的選拔培訓主要是指對普通員工采用類似管理人員選拔的標準,對員工進行巴基斯坦穆斯林文化的相關(guān)培訓,使其在思想層面上對雙方文化差異引起足夠重視,培訓模式分為集體培訓及實踐培訓。其中實踐培訓也稱為新人幫扶,實行導師制度,同時,需要對高摩贊當?shù)氐墓蛦T強化制度約束,爭取管理主動權(quán)。
5.2.2工作環(huán)節(jié)維度
工作環(huán)節(jié)維度的應對措施主要包括工作進度、工作搭接的合理安排、工作環(huán)節(jié)沖突承諾書簽訂以及工作環(huán)節(jié)的激勵機制設(shè)計。
工作進度、工作搭接的合理安排是指在了解巴基斯坦穆斯林宗教文化的基礎(chǔ)上合理安排員工的作息和休假。從調(diào)查問卷反饋的信息來看,穆斯林每日5次的禱告時間嚴重影響項目進度,故此在員工排班的時候應考慮在內(nèi)。工作環(huán)節(jié)沖突承諾書簽訂是指在員工進駐項目之前,對員工即將參與的工作環(huán)節(jié)職責、隸屬關(guān)系以及懲罰條款進行交底,以保證工程項目的順利進行。工作環(huán)節(jié)激勵機制的設(shè)計是針對工作環(huán)節(jié)績效進行固定周期的考評,其中工作環(huán)節(jié)績效突出的員工,無論是管理層還是普通員工都給予適當?shù)募?形式主要包括補貼、獎金、改善工作條件以及給予長期合作承諾等。
5.2.3項目實施階段維度
項目實施階段維度的應對措施主要是指項目組層面相關(guān)跨文化風險應對措施的制定,包括組織內(nèi)部建立有效交流的溝通網(wǎng)絡(luò)、工作氛圍的養(yǎng)成、制度文化的落實以及文化融合的動態(tài)檢驗。
從項目組的角度著手,建立多形式的交流網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括正式會議、非正式的聚會、聯(lián)誼活動等,向巴基斯坦高摩贊當?shù)厝嗣裥麄魑覈椖繀⑴c者的友好意愿,加快當?shù)貑T工與國內(nèi)員工之間的積極融合,消除彼此隔閡。工作氛圍的養(yǎng)成主要是指在員工中形成一種積極的工作態(tài)度,可以采用標桿式管理和差異化匹配的方式進行。標桿式管理是在高摩贊項目中將當?shù)貑T工中表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀者立為標桿進行獎勵,并讓其負責帶動其他態(tài)度消極的員工;差異化匹配是指項目組成員按照巴基斯坦的穆斯林文化行事,增強高摩贊當?shù)毓蛦T的歸屬感。制度文化的落實是指完善項目組人員的管理機制以及獎懲機制,將項目管理提升到制度管理層面,使得項目組成員的工作更加規(guī)范,職責劃分更加明確,從而對項目績效的達成起到積極的作用。文化融合的動態(tài)檢驗就是對巴基斯坦高摩贊工程項目組的文化融合進行周期性成果反饋,并針對性地進行下一步融合工作的開展。
6結(jié)語
在分析項目與企業(yè)文化融合區(qū)別的基礎(chǔ)上,就國際工程項目文化融合的特點構(gòu)建了國際工程項目跨文化風險的三維應對模型,從人員層級、工作環(huán)節(jié)以及項目實施階段3個維度出發(fā),總結(jié)了國際工程項目跨文化融合的可能路徑。(
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Water resource carrying capacity in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province:Example of Yancheng City/REN Li, et al (State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)
Abstract:The regional water resource carrying capacity is of great importance to the eco-environmental construction and socio-economic development. In the light of the principles for establishment of evaluation system of water resource carrying capacity, 3 sub-systems of water resources, socio-economy and eco-environment are listed for the development of Yancheng City. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for water resource carrying capacity is established, and it is applied in Yancheng City. The results indicate that the development and utilization of water resources in Yancheng City has reached a considerable scale under the existing economic and technological conditions. The potential of water resources is relatively small, and the contradiction between water supply and demand is obvious. Some measures are proposed to improve the water resource carrying capacity. The correlation analysis and grey system theory are employed to systematically study the quantitative relationship between industrial structure and water consumption. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Under the constraint of water resources, the development of the secondary industry should be actively and steadily promoted, and the heavy industry structure with high water consumption based on energy industries should be eliminated and optimized. (2) The tertiary industry should be vigorously developed. (3) The adjustment of agricultural structure and the restriction or suitable reduction of the development scale of the primary industry are the direction of the coordinated development of industrial structure and water resources in Shanxi Province. The index system for security standard evaluation of water sources and the grading standards are established by selecting 9 indexes from 3 aspects of water security, water quality security and management security. Due to the shortage of the best projection direction PP model in practical application, a new bionic swarm intelligence algorithm, social spiders optimization (SSO) algorithm, is used to search the optimal projection direction PP model, and an evaluation model of SSO-PP is proposed. The SSO algorithm is verified by using 5 high-dimension complex functions and is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The SSO-PP model is applied in the evaluation standards of an example. The results show that the SSO algorithm has better convergence precision and global optimization ability. The accuracy of PP evaluation model can be effectively improved by using the SSO algorithm to select the best projection direction of the PP model. The evaluation of Mudi River water source is “basically standard” and “standard” in 2010 and 2015 and “ideal” in 2020 and 2030. Taking the water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province for an example, the accounting method for the gross ecological product (GEP) is investigated. It is found that the GEP of water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province is 568.888 billion RMB Yuan in 2013, with 170.499 billion RMB Yuan more than that accounted by the GDP. It is concluded that the accounting system of GEP can evaluate the function and contribution of ecosystem and it can be regarded as an important index for the construction of ecological civilization. There is still no standard GEP accounting system in China, and the data missing and imperfection of pricing method lead to inaccuracies and lack of persuasion. The supervision and research of ecological products and service should be strengthened, and the pricing method for function of each index should be improved so as to establish an integrated GEP accounting system. Based on the relevant economic data from 1981 to 2013, the dynamic relationship between the total power of agricultural machinery and exports of agricultural products in China is studied from the perspective of empirical analysis by using the method of vector autoregression model (VAR model). The results show that there exists mutual causality between the level of agricultural technology and exports of agricultural products in China, and it is suitable to establish VAR model. The analysis of impulse response and the analysis of variance show that the level of agricultural technology has a positive long-term effect on exports of agricultural products in China. Finally, some suggestions are put forward. By establishing ten risk evaluation indices for an international BOT hydropower project, the weight of each index is quantitatively determined by using the entropy method. Based on the TOPSIS method, the positive and negative degrees of association from each project to the ideal solution are investigated and integrated. Thus a decision model of grey correlation method based on the entropy and TOPSIS is established to evaluate the investment risk of the international BOT hydropower project. Five typical international BOT projects are selected to make empirical analysis. The results show that the risks of international BOT hydropower projects can be analyzed by the proposed method effectively and objectively. The geological disaster risk, land acquisition risk, construction risk and economy and contract risk of international BOT hydropower projects have larger weights, while the government credit risk and infrastructure project risk have less effect owing to the relatively backward areas. Finally, the investment risks of five projects are analyzed and sorted by using the grey correlation decision model. According to the development status and problems in marine economy around the world, it is put forward that the policies and laws for supporting the development of marine economy in China are scarce, and there exist irrational structure of financial market and severe imbalance of financing structure. A regression analysis is performed by choosing the data from 11 provinces in China in 13 years in order to validate the positive effect of finance on marine economy and effect differences of various financial patterns. The results show that the finance and marine economy are correlated, but the effect is feeble on the whole, mainly relying on the bank deposit. Some measures are proposed for developing the marine finance: (1) establishment of multiple-financial institution system, improvement of policies and financing channels; (2) coordination of the regional development of marine finance; (3) increase of insurance industry in financial support for marine economy. On the basis of VFM theoretical analysis, the VFM evaluation systems in different countries are compared through correlation researches. According to the characteristics of the water projects, the VFM evaluation process of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in China is analyzed. From the perspective of both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the VFM evaluation methods for water projects under PPP model are studied, and it may provide basis for the establishment and improvement of the VFM decision-making evaluation system of water projects under PPP model. Based on information asymmetry and multiple identities of government in PPP public service projects, the possible collusion between government regulators and the project company is discussed considering different stages of the project implementation process. Under the premise of making reasonable assumptions on the behavior between government department and private capital in a water supply project, a game model among government department in charge, regulatory body and the project company is established. The main factors for the collusion are analyzed. Some precautions are proposed, including establishment of multi-stakeholder regulatory bodies and creation of competitive mechanism in procurement phase of social capital. Based on the investment into Xiluodu Hydropower Plant and the data of economy development in Yongshan County of Yunnan Province, the effects of hydropower construction on regional GDP, social consumption and residential income are investigated by using the Granger causal relation test. The results show that the construction and investment of Xiluodu Hydropower Plant have significant promotion on the increase of GDP, retail sales of social consumption products and disposable income of urban residents in Yongshan County but insignificant function on the increase of income per capita of rural residents. The local government should strengthen transfer payment intensity and promote the construction of infrastructural facility in rural areas and the urbanization process taking advantage of hydropower development so as to benefit more people. On the basis of analyzing the differences between project integration and enterprise integration, a framework model to deal with the cross-cultural risk of international projects is proposed. From three dimensions of staff level, work area and project team, the possible cross-cultural integration paths of international engineering projects are analyzed, and a three-dimensional cross-cultural risk response model is established. Finally, based on the Comal Zam project in Pakistan, the preceding cross-cultural risk is studied, and some specific response measures are put forward. Based on Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station in Laos, the political, economic, policy and institutional characteristics of overseas projects at various stages of project initiation, reliability analysis, negotiation, approval, financing construction and operation are analyzed. Some measures are put forward as follows: risk prediction and mitigation should be highlighted in overseas investment projects, favorable policies should be fully used, satisfactory relationship with government and cooperative partners should be established and good brand should be constructed. Accordingly, it may provide useful reference for planning, financing, construction and operation of overseas investment projects. According to its actual situations, the raw water cost of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project in Fujian Province is calculated from three aspects of water resource cost, environmental engineering cost and opportunity cost. On the one hand, it can reflect the real raw water cost, on the other hand, the ecological compensation of the water source area is considered. It is conducive to the construction of ecological protection of water resource environment so as to fully mobilize the people in the water source areas to participate in the environmental protection. The benign operation of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project is ensured. It may provide a reference for calculation of raw water cost of other water diversion projects. In view of the higher water price of seawater desalination entering into urban water supply, the internal and external factors affecting the water-pricing of seawater desalination are studied. The water cost, reasonable profit and social acceptance are comprehensively analyzed. The pricing schemes for seawater desalination are investigated considering two dimensions of reasonable income of seawater desalination plants and acceptance level of users. Some price strategies and suggestions are put forward, including scientific use of cost control measures, further reduction of seawater desalination cost, establishment of smooth sales channel of seawater desalination products, improvement of water resource price formation mechanism and formulation of subsidy policies of seawater desalination. Based on the investigation of water utilization of public service in Beijing, the composition and water utilization structure of public service are analyzed to determine important part of water utilization. Some water-saving measures are proposed to improve public water use efficiency. The expectant achievement of the measures is measured. The main objective is contributing to further development in reducing public water use. The budget of basic construction projects of water conservancy is an important part of the department budget and the annual expenditure plan prepared for the completion of the basic construction projects of water conservancy. Under the background of new “Budget law of the People's Republic of China” and three-year medium-term fiscal planning management issued by China’s Ministry of Finance, the important role and characteristics of budget preparation of water conservancy construction projects in the new period are analyzed combined with the characteristics of water conservancy construction projects, that is, long period, various procedures and difficult technology, and the existing problems and countermeasures are put forward in order to provide some reference for the practices of budget preparation of basic construction projects of water conservancy. Under the support of later supporting policy of reservoir resettlement, the training programs of large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement have achieved a lot of results after several years of development. However, there exist many problems, such as enforcement of organization, active participation of resettlement and effectiveness of training. The role perspective provides a new exploration path to solve the above problems. On the basis of fully respecting the willing of the reservoir resettlement, the following measures are put forward: determination of role of the county level resettlement organization, change of thought and patterns of resettlement training, introduction of market competition mechanism, combination of product development projects of later supporting and promotion of resettlement village party branches and village committees.
Key words:water resource carrying capacity; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method; index system; Yancheng City water resources; industrial structure; correlation analysis; Shanxi Province water source standard evaluation; index system; grading standard; SSO algorithm; projection pursuit; parameter optimization GEP; accounting system; water ecosystem; Jiangsu Province total power of agricultural machinery; export of agricultural product; vector autoregression model; impulse response; analysis of variance international BOT project; entropy method; grey correlation decision model; hydropower investment; hydropower project; risk assessment marine economy; marine finance; panel data; regression analysis PPP model; value for money; government procurement; decision evaluation; water project game theory; PPP model; water supply project; collusion; precaution hydropower development; economic development; Xiluodu Hydropower Plant; Yongshan County international engineering project; cross-cultural risk; response model; cultural integration theory overseas market; project investment; Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station diversion project; raw water cost; opportunity cost; ecological compensation seawater desalination; urban water supply; influence factor; water-pricing strategy water for public service; potential of water saving; water utilization structure; Beijing City water conservancy; basic construction; budget preparation role perspective; reservoir resettlement; training
Industrial structure under constraint of water resources in Shanxi Province/YANG Lixia, et al (Shanxi Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Taiyuan 030002, China)
Application of SSO-PP model in security standard evaluation of water sources/CUI Dongwen, et al (Wenshan Water Bureau of Yunnan Province, Wenshan 663000, China)
Practice of gross ecological product (GEP) accounting:Example of water ecosystem in Jiangsu Province/WANG Baoqian, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
Dynamic relationship between total power of agricultural machinery and exports of agricultural products in China :Analysis based on VAR model/LIU Shuangqin (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
Risk assessment of international BOT hydropower investment based on entropy method and grey correlation analysis/WU Yepeng, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
Effect of finance on marine economy/JING Lu, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China; Institute of Industrial Economics of Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
VFM decision evaluation of water projects under public-private partnership model/ZHONG Yun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water ecological civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)
Collusion of PPP public service projects based on game theory:Example of water supply projects/LEI Zhen, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
Empirical study on effect of hydropower construction on development of regional economy:Example of Xiluodu Hydropower Plant in Yongshan County of Yunnan Province/ZHOU Ruimeng, et al (School of Humanities and Social Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China)
Three-dimensional response model for cross-cultural risk of international engineering projects based on cultural integration theory/HU Yijun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)
Analysis of overseas investment projects based on Nam Lik 1-2 Hydropower Station in Laos/ZHANG Kun, et al (China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China)
Calculation of raw water cost of Dazhangxi River Water Diversion Project in Fujian Province/MA Jun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Post Doctoral Laboratory of Theoretical Economics,Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093;Synchronous Innovation Center of Jiangsu Coastal Development and Protection, Nanjing 210098)
Pricing strategy of seawater desalination entering into urban water supply/XING Shuying, et al (Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China)
Water utilization structure and potential of water saving of Beijing’s public service/CHE Jianming, et al (Beijing Water-saving Management Center, Beijing 100142, China)
Thinking of strengthening budget preparation of basic construction projects of water conservancy in the new period/LIU Jianshu, et al (Bureau of Huaihe Project Construction & Management, Huaihe River Water Resources Commission, Bengbu 233001, China)
Training of large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement under role perspective/DU Xiuli, et al (Liangji Canal Management Office of Jining City, Jining 272000, China)
(收稿日期:2015-04-18編輯:胡新宇)
中圖分類號:F407.9
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1003-9511(2015)05-0048-05
DOI:10.3880/j.issn.1003-9511.2015.05.011
作者簡介:胡一君(1991—),女,江蘇無錫人,碩士研究生,主要從事企業(yè)管理、項目管理研究。E-mail:silence_chou@hotmail.com
基金項目:國家自然科學基金重點項目(70831002);江蘇省自然科學基金(BK20130847)