韓 芳,王 輝,倪 銀,孫仁華,屠越興,江玲芝
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急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者肺表面活性蛋白D的動(dòng)態(tài)變化研究
韓 芳,王 輝,倪 銀,孫仁華,屠越興,江玲芝
目的 了解急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)患者血清和支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肺表面活性蛋白D(SP-D)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,并探討其臨床意義。方法 選取2008年12月—2013年12月入住浙江省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科的ARDS患者79例。根據(jù)患者28 d內(nèi)存活情況,將79例患者分為存活組56例和死亡組23例。另選取2011年1月—2013年12月在浙江省人民醫(yī)院進(jìn)行體檢的健康成年人20例,作為對(duì)照組。存活組和死亡組患者分別于診斷后24 h內(nèi)(D1)、第3天(D2)、第5天(D3)及第7天(D4)采取靜脈血和BALF各2 ml;對(duì)照組成年人在體檢日采取靜脈血和BALF各2 ml。檢測(cè)并比較3組血清和BALF中的SP-D水平。結(jié)果 (1)3組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清中SP-D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F總=73.26,P<0.05);3組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=197.01,P<0.05);不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=168.29,P<0.05)。(2)3組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)BALF中SP-D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F總=98.71,P<0.05);3組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=376.91,P<0.05);不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=125.08,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 ARDS患者血清中SP-D水平從第5天開始較對(duì)照組上升,且死亡組較存活組上升高;存活組水平在第7天下降,死亡組持續(xù)上升。ARDS患者BALF中SP-D水平在診斷初期即高于對(duì)照組;第5天時(shí)存活組水平降低,死亡組繼續(xù)上升;第7天時(shí)死亡組有所下降。血清和BALF中SP-D水平的動(dòng)態(tài)變化對(duì)ARDS患者的臨床診療和預(yù)后判定有指導(dǎo)意義。
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;肺表面活性物質(zhì)相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)D;血清;支氣管肺泡灌洗液
韓芳,王輝,倪銀,等.急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者肺表面活性蛋白D的動(dòng)態(tài)變化研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(13):1541-1544.[www.chinagp.net]
Han F,Wang H,Ni Y,et al.Dynamic changes of lung surfactant protein D in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(13):1541-1544.
以頑固性低氧血癥為主要臨床特點(diǎn)的急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)一直以來都是重癥醫(yī)學(xué)的主要研究對(duì)象。我國關(guān)于ARDS發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療手段的研究較多,但病死率仍較高,為50.0%~68.7%[1]。近年來,由于機(jī)械通氣和血液凈化等支持技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),ARDS病死率顯著降低,但仍高達(dá)27%~45%[2]。因此,探討與ARDS預(yù)后相關(guān)的指標(biāo)對(duì)臨床上干預(yù)措施的選擇、療效評(píng)價(jià)及預(yù)后評(píng)估有重要意義。King等[3]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肺損傷中肺表面活性蛋白D(surfactant protein D,SP-D)與粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞刺激因子的分泌和肺部炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)。既往研究表明,血清SP-D水平可以反映肺泡損傷、肺泡Ⅱ型上皮細(xì)胞(AEC Ⅱ)增生及肺泡膜通透性程度,但關(guān)于支氣管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中SP-D水平變化情況尚無一致結(jié)論[4-5]。本研究對(duì)79例不同預(yù)后的ARDS患者和20例健康成年人的臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,旨在了解ARDS患者血清和BALF中SP-D的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,并探討其臨床意義。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2008年12月—2013年12月入住浙江省人民醫(yī)院ICU的ARDS患者79例,根據(jù)患者28 d內(nèi)存活情況,將其分為存活組(56例)和死亡組(23例)。另選取2011年1月—2013年12月在浙江省人民醫(yī)院進(jìn)行體檢的健康成年人20例,作為對(duì)照組。ARDS患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合1994年歐美會(huì)議共識(shí)(AECC)的ARDS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6];(2)年齡為25~65歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾?。?2)伴腫瘤、自身免疫性疾?。?3)5 d內(nèi)死亡。研究開始前,按照醫(yī)患溝通要求征得患者和/或其家屬的知情同意。
1.2 研究方法 (1)采用機(jī)械通氣對(duì)ARDS患者進(jìn)行治療,根據(jù)其診斷后24 h內(nèi)的監(jiān)測(cè)和檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果、呼吸機(jī)參數(shù),計(jì)算出急性生理與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)評(píng)分和氧合指數(shù)。(2)存活組和死亡組患者分別于診斷后24 h內(nèi)(D1)、第3天(D2)、第5天(D3)及第7天(D4)采取靜脈血和BALF各2 ml;對(duì)照組成年人在體檢日采取靜脈血和BALF各2 ml。記錄并比較3組血清和BALF中的SP-D水平。
1.2.1 機(jī)械通氣方法 采用德國生產(chǎn)的Drager Evita 4呼吸機(jī)。選用方形波;潮氣量為6 ml/kg;呼吸頻率為16~20次/min;根據(jù)氧合情況和臨床情況,選擇適宜呼氣末正壓(PEEP),使吸入氧濃度分?jǐn)?shù)(FiO2)<60%,動(dòng)脈血氧分壓(PaO2)>60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。
1.2.2 APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分 是評(píng)估ICU患者病情和預(yù)后的指標(biāo),由急性生理學(xué)評(píng)分、年齡評(píng)分、慢性健康狀況評(píng)分3部分組成,得分為0~71分,分值越高表示病情越重。
1.2.3 BALF獲取方法 受檢者經(jīng)局部麻醉后,采用纖維支氣管鏡經(jīng)氣管導(dǎo)管(對(duì)照組經(jīng)鼻插管)行右肺中葉或左肺舌葉支氣管肺泡灌洗。將纖維支氣管鏡前端楔入右肺中葉支氣管開口處;從活檢孔分2次注入37 ℃無菌0.9%氯化鈉溶液100 ml;獲取BALF后,立刻用無菌紗布過濾掉回收BALF中的各類分泌物;將處理好的BALF裝入硅質(zhì)容器,置于冰水(-4 ℃)中,2~3 h內(nèi)送檢。
1.2.4 SP-D檢測(cè)方法 對(duì)采取的靜脈血和BALF做離心處理(4 ℃,3000 r/min,r=15 cm,10 min),取上層清液,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。SP-D試劑盒為美國Santa Cruz Bio公司生產(chǎn),操作過程嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
2.1 3組臨床資料比較 (1)3組性別和平均年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);(2)存活組和死亡組的APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、氧合指數(shù)及基礎(chǔ)病因比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1)。
2.2 3組不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清和BALF中SP-D水平比較 重復(fù)測(cè)量雙因素分析結(jié)果顯示:(1)受檢者的存活狀況與血清SP-D檢測(cè)時(shí)間間有交互作用(F總=73.26,P<0.05);3組間血清SP-D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=197.01,P<0.05);不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=168.29,P<0.05)。(2)受檢者的存活狀況與BALF SP-D檢測(cè)時(shí)間間有交互作用(F總=98.71,P<0.05);3組間BALF SP-D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=376.91,P<0.05);不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=125.08,P<0.05,見表2)。
ARDS常繼發(fā)于嚴(yán)重感染、休克、創(chuàng)傷及燒傷等,肺泡上皮細(xì)胞受損是影響氣體交換,引起頑固性低氧血癥的重要原因,促進(jìn)肺泡上皮修復(fù)是治療ARDS、改善呼吸功能的重要途徑。在ARDS的3個(gè)病理分期(滲出期、增殖期及纖維化期)都有AEC Ⅱ的參與,AEC Ⅱ的損傷、凋亡及炎性遞質(zhì)作用可以使肺泡表面活性物質(zhì)(SP)減少或失活,導(dǎo)致肺泡表面磷脂和相關(guān)蛋白嚴(yán)重缺乏,這是ARDS患者病情加重的重要機(jī)制之一[7]。因此推測(cè)與AEC Ⅱ相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物最能夠代表AEC Ⅱ的損傷和修復(fù)狀態(tài),研究這些生物標(biāo)志物隨時(shí)間變化的情況和與炎性反應(yīng)的關(guān)系,有助于ARDS的診斷、治療及預(yù)后判定。SP-D由AEC Ⅱ分泌,可以識(shí)別并清除肺內(nèi)異物和凋亡細(xì)胞,在調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)等方面也有重要作用[8]。AEC Ⅱ在嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷時(shí)裂解壞死,進(jìn)一步釋放SP-D進(jìn)入肺泡腔,導(dǎo)致BALF中SP-D水平明顯升高。AEC Ⅱ的受損和增生、肺泡上皮和毛細(xì)血管通透性增加等也可能導(dǎo)致ARDS 患者血液中SP-D水平明顯升高[9]。
以往研究顯示,ARDS患者血液中SP-D的高水平狀態(tài)與更高的器官衰竭率,更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),更低的脫機(jī)時(shí)間及肺損傷程度有關(guān)[10-11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ARDS患者血清中SP-D水平從第5天開始較對(duì)照組上升,且死亡組較存活組上升明顯;但BALF中的SP-D初始水平就比對(duì)照組高。血液中SP-D的升高滯后于BALF的原因可能為:(1)ARDS發(fā)生后肺毛細(xì)血管通透性增加,導(dǎo)致已經(jīng)大量增加的SP-D從肺泡腔滲透到通透性增強(qiáng)的肺泡毛細(xì)血管中并隨血流入血;(2)AEC Ⅱ完整性受損,導(dǎo)致SP-D從細(xì)胞流出至肺泡,然后到達(dá)血液[4]。血液中的SP-D水平升高程度雖然與病情嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后相關(guān),但因?yàn)槠湟矔?huì)受到血液循環(huán)中SP-D清除率下降、非肺器官SP-D分泌量增加等肺外因素的影響,故不能完全體現(xiàn)肺組織損傷的嚴(yán)重程度。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,ARDS患者BALF中SP-D水平在診斷初期即上升,及時(shí)地反映了肺組織的損傷,且升高情況在一定程度上可以反映出ARDS 患者的早期肺損傷程度。死亡組上升幅度較大,提示死亡組患者的早期肺損傷程度較大,AEC Ⅱ裂解、壞死程度較大。第5天時(shí),存活組患者BALF中SP-D水平有所降低,提示損傷已經(jīng)緩解,組織開始修復(fù);而死亡組因?yàn)閾p傷持續(xù)存在,故BALF中SP-D水平繼續(xù)上升。死亡組患者的BALF中SP-D水平在早期高于存活組,提示BALF中SP-D水平在早期即大幅升高的ARDS患者可能預(yù)后不良。對(duì)于單個(gè)患者來說,BALF中SP-D水平的動(dòng)態(tài)變化在一定程度上可以反映出患者肺組織的損傷程度,可以較準(zhǔn)確地推測(cè)預(yù)后,同時(shí)也可以為治療效果的判斷提供參考。
表1 3組受檢者臨床資料比較
注:*為t值,△為F值,-代表無該數(shù)據(jù);APACHE Ⅱ=急性生理與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分Ⅱ
表2 3組受檢者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清和BALF中SP-D水平比較
注:D1=診斷后24 h內(nèi),D2=診斷后第3天,D3=診斷后第5天,D4=診斷后第7天,SP-D=肺表面活性蛋白D,BALF=支氣管肺泡灌洗液;與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與存活組相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,▲P<0.05
綜上所述,血清和BALF中SP-D水平的動(dòng)態(tài)變化與ARDS患者預(yù)后有關(guān),BALF中SP-D水平的升高幅度可以在一定程度上反映出患者的早期肺損傷程度,并且有可能對(duì)ARDS患者的干預(yù)措施選擇和臨床療效評(píng)估提供指導(dǎo)。
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(本文編輯:王鳳微)
Dynamic Changes of Lung Surfactant Protein D in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
HANFang,WANGHui,NIYin,etal.
ZhejiangProvincialPeople′sHospitalICU,Hangzhou310014,China
Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of lung surfactant protein D(SP-D) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) and to examine its clinical significance.Methods A total of 79 patients with ARDS treated in Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital ICU between December 2008 and December 2013 were included in this study.We divided the patients into two groups:the survival group(n=56) and the death group(n=23).Another 20 healthy adults who received physical examination in Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital between January 2011 and December 2013 were enrolled as the control group.We sampled 2 ml of venous blood and 2 ml of BALF from each subject of the survival group and the death group on day 1(D1),day 3(D2),day 5(D3) and day 7(D4) after their diagnosis.We also sampled 2 ml of venous blood and 2 ml of BALF from each subject of the control group on each of the four days.The SP-D levels of serum and BALF of the three groups were tested and compared.Results (1)The SP-D levels of serum were significantly different(Ftotal=73.26,P<0.05) at different time points among the three groups.The SP-D levels of serum were significantly different(Finter-group=197.01,P<0.05) among the three groups.The SP-D levels of serum were also significantly different(Ftime points=168.29,P<0.05) at different time points.(2)The SP-D levels of BALF were significantly different(Ftotal=98.71,P<0.05) at different time points among the three groups.The SP-D levels of BALF were significantly different(Finter-group=376.91,P<0.05) among the three groups.The SP-D levels of BALF were also significantly different(Ftime points=125.08,P<0.05) at different time points.Conclusion The SP-D level of serum in the subjects with ARDS began to rise higher than the control group,with the death group rising higher than the survival group;the SP-D level of serum in the survival group began to decrease on day 7,while that in the death group continued to rise.The SP-D level of BALF in the subjects with ARDS was higher than the control group from the early stage after diagnosis;the SP-D level of BALF in the survival group began to decrease on day 5,while the death group continued to increase and began to decrease on day 7.The research of dynamic changes of SP-D level in serum and BALF was of guiding significance in clinical diagnosis and treatment and prognosis judgment for patients with ARDS.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Surfactant protein D;Serum;Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
浙江省重點(diǎn)科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)自主設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目(2011R50018-14)——PiCCO聯(lián)合不同模式血液凈化對(duì)ARDS的療效評(píng)價(jià)及預(yù)后因素分析
310014 浙江省杭州市,浙江省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(韓芳,倪銀,孫仁華,屠越興,江玲芝);杭州師范大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(王輝)
孫仁華,310014 浙江省杭州市,浙江省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科;E-mail:jqin168@hotmail.com
R 563.8
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.13.015
2015-01-29;
2015-03-18)