聽(tīng)力理解作為一項(xiàng)輸入性技能，是學(xué)習(xí)者發(fā)展讀寫等其他語(yǔ)言技能的基礎(chǔ)。在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，聽(tīng)力也是最難掌握的語(yǔ)言技能之一。然而中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)讀和寫的技能訓(xùn)練，忽視聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力的培養(yǎng)。學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力存在什么問(wèn)題？我們應(yīng)該如何提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力能力是筆者要探討的問(wèn)題。

一 英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力障礙的影響因素

1.英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)障礙

語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)對(duì)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力理解的影響主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)速、詞匯和語(yǔ)法四個(gè)方面。缺乏辨音能力，不能把握英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)調(diào)，容易造成理解上的偏差。

2.聽(tīng)力策略障礙

部分學(xué)生尚未具備一定的聽(tīng)力策略，抓不住重點(diǎn)，不能很好地理解聽(tīng)力信息，不善于推理預(yù)測(cè)。

3.短時(shí)記憶力障礙

聽(tīng)力考試不同于其他題型，錄音放過(guò)就沒(méi)有了，如不能及時(shí)地記住聽(tīng)力題中的信息就答不出題目。學(xué)生沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)短時(shí)記憶的訓(xùn)練，容量會(huì)很有限。

4.心理障礙

心理因素包括注意力、意志力、情感、態(tài)度，這四個(gè)方面的因素對(duì)聽(tīng)力有很大的影響。

二 題型設(shè)置

1.2014年中考聽(tīng)力題型

中考聽(tīng)力有四種題型，共30小題，每小題1分，計(jì)30分。（1）圖片理解。聽(tīng)句子，從A、B、C中選擇與句子意思相符的圖片。（5小題）（2）對(duì)話理解。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)小對(duì)話及問(wèn)題，從A、B、C中選擇正確的答案。（15小題）（3）短文理解。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容，從A、B、C中選擇能回答所給問(wèn)題的最佳答案。（5小題）（4）填空題。根據(jù)你所聽(tīng)到的短文內(nèi)容填寫。（5小題）

2.考查范圍

范圍為：（1）對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。提問(wèn)方式：Where are they talking？ Where is the man/ woman now？（2）談話人的職業(yè)和身份。提問(wèn)方式：What does the man do？ What is the man？ What’s the man’s job？（3）談話的主題。提問(wèn)方式：What is the man doing？/What are they talking about？ What happened to him？（4）數(shù)字計(jì)算題。提問(wèn)方式：What time will the train leave/arrive？ How long did the meeting last？ How much is the book cost？ What’s the price of the coat？（5）推論題。提問(wèn)方式：What does he mean？ What can you learn from the passage？

三 聽(tīng)力技巧

1.聽(tīng)前（Before listening）

第一，在選項(xiàng)上寫關(guān)鍵詞。

例1：聽(tīng)錄音，選擇正確的圖畫，每小題念一遍。

（1）A. B. C.

（2）A. B. C.

圖片題，可把圖片信息的關(guān)鍵詞寫出來(lái)，如（1）A.bus、B.car、C.bike。（2）A.watch TV、B.birthday party、C.dance。

聽(tīng)力原文：1.It takes me about twenty minutes to drive to work every day.

聽(tīng)力原文：2.They had fun dancing this morning.

例2：聽(tīng)對(duì)話，選擇正確的答案，對(duì)話念兩遍。

（ ）3.What time does Mr. Smith usually go to work？

A.At 8：05 B.At 8：00 C.At 7：55

可把選項(xiàng)的時(shí)間用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)，如A.five past eight、B.eight o’clock、C.five to eight。

聽(tīng)力原文：W：Look！ Mr. Smith is reading a newspaper at home.

M：But it’s five past eight. He usually leaves for work ten minutes earlier.

第二，審題，弄清題目所問(wèn)的人物，理解題目設(shè)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)，圈出關(guān)鍵詞。

（ ）4.How many children are there in David’s family？

A.Three. B.Two. C.Six.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：Do you have a sister， David？

M：Yes， I have two sisters and three brothers.

（ ）5.What are they going to do this evening？

A.To listen to Peking Opera on the radio.

B.To listen to the pop music.

C.To go to the theatre.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：Hello， Li Lei. Do you like listening to Peking Opera？

M：Yes， I like it very much.

W：Good. I’ve got two tickets for Peking Opera this evening. Would you like to go with me？

M：Yes， of course.

第三，觀察選項(xiàng)之間的不同之處，把握聽(tīng)力要點(diǎn)。不同之處就是聽(tīng)力的關(guān)鍵所在，把握不同之處，根據(jù)聽(tīng)力信息，迅速做出反應(yīng)。

（ ）6.What are they going to do this weekend？

A.To play volleyball. B.To play chess.

C.To play tennis.

聽(tīng)力原文：M：The weather report says it’s going to rain this weekend.

W：Really？ Then we have to change our plan. Let’s play chess instead.

（ ）7.Why is the girl excited？

A.Because she got full marks in all her subjects.

B.Because she got full marks in English.

C.Because she got full marks in speech contest.

聽(tīng)力原文：M：Hi， Tina！ Why are you so excited？ What’s the good news？

W：Oh， you can’t believe it！ I got full marks in all my school subjects.

第四，根據(jù)所給題目預(yù)知文章大意，猜測(cè)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容，預(yù)知所填單詞的詞性和時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞詞性。

例3：聽(tīng)短文，填表格。短文讀兩遍。

A speech

TopicHow to 8. English Well

SpeakerMr. Smith from 9.

Timeat 10. on Friday afternoon

PlaceOn the 11.

Attendants（出席者）the students of Grade 12.

從第8題前的to我們可以判斷出第8題要填的是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形。根據(jù)表格信息和提示詞from可判斷出第9題這里要填一個(gè)地名，注意地名的首字母要大寫。第10題根據(jù)表格信息和提示詞at可判斷出第10題填的是具體的時(shí)刻。第11題填地點(diǎn)，且是能和on搭配的地點(diǎn)，如on the playground， on the farm… 第12題根據(jù)提示詞grade可判斷出這里填的是數(shù)字。

聽(tīng)力原文：Hello， everyone！ I have a piece of good news to tell you. We’re lucky enough to have Mr. Smith make a speech for the students of Grade Nine. Mr. Smith is a famous Canadian scientist. He can’t see because of his illness， but he is very famous and successful. Though he has a serious physical problem， he regards it unimportant. Mr. Smith will make his speech on the playground and the speech begins at half past three on Friday afternoon. The topic of his speech is How to Learn English Well. Please come to the speech on time. I’m sure all of you will enjoy it.

例4：聽(tīng)對(duì)話，填空。對(duì)話讀兩遍。

13.We shouldn’t draw _______on the walls.

14.We should say no to _________down trees to protect our environment.

15.It’s our duty ________ our environment clean and tidy.

16.If you have ________ some trees or flowers in or near your house， you may have already done something _______ to improve the environment.

13題根據(jù)on the wall 推測(cè)此處填的是物品名稱。第14題根據(jù)介詞to 推測(cè)此處填的是動(dòng)詞ing形式。15題根據(jù)It’s our duty句型It’s+n.+to do sth.可判斷15題填的是動(dòng)詞不定式。16題根據(jù)have 可判斷出這個(gè)空要填的是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。第二個(gè)空，根據(jù)不定代詞something 可判斷出此空填的是形容詞或副詞。

聽(tīng)力原文：It’s very important to take care of our environment. Have you ever thrown any litter on the ground？ Have you drawn pictures on public walls？ Have you ever spat in a public place？ Have you ever cut down trees？ If your answers are“No”， it means that you have already helped protect our environment.

It is our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy. You may ask yourself，“Have I ever picked up any rubbish and thrown it into a dustbin？ Have I ever collected waste paper or bottles for recycling？ Have I ever planted any trees or flowers in or near my house？”If your answers are“Yes”， it means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment.

2.聽(tīng)中（While listening）

第一，快速記錄關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，如數(shù)目、電話號(hào)碼、年、月、日、時(shí)刻、人名、地名等。

What’s Bob’s telephone number？

A.3354796. B.3345976. C.3345796.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：Excuse me！ May I know your telephone number， Bob？

M：Of course. 3345796.

第二，簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字運(yùn)算。

（1）How much do two sweaters cost？

A.$90. B.$45. C.$70.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：How much is the sweater？

M：It’s $45. But if you take two， I can give them to you for $35 each.

（2）How much is the woman’s sister’s bag？

A.Seventy-nine yuan.

B.Eighty-nine yuan.

C.Ninety-nine yuan.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：How much is your bag？

M：It’s eighty-nine yuan.

W：Oh， yours is expensive. My sister bought one like yours yesterday. It’s ten yuan cheaper than yours.

第三，推理判斷。

（1）What does the boy mean？

A.It will be warmer. B.It will be sunny. C.It will be colder.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：It’s so cold today.

M：It sure is. But the weather report says it will be even colder later on.

（2）What does the man mean？

A.Mike is two years older than Tom.

B.Tom is two years older than Mike.

C.Mike and Tom are of the same age.

聽(tīng)力原文：

W：Is Mike two years older than Tom？

M：No， they are twins.

第四，排除干擾信息，抓住聽(tīng)力要點(diǎn)。

How long does it take Mike to ride home？

A.An hour. B.Forty minutes. C.Thirty minutes.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：How long does it take you to get home from school， Mike？

M：It usually takes me an hour to walk home. And it takes me 30 minutes by bike.

第五，注意聽(tīng)力材料與題目設(shè)計(jì)的順序是否一致。

聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)的對(duì)話，回答以下三道小題。

（1）Who is ill？

A.The man. B.Tina. C.Tina’s mother.

（2）What is Tina going to do this evening？

A.Finish her homework. B.Go shopping. C.Watch TV.

（3）Where is Tina going on Saturday？

A.To the park. B.To the hospital. C.To the school.

聽(tīng)力原文：

M：Tina， would you like to go shopping this evening？

W：I wish I could， but I have to finish my homework first.

M：Tomorrow is Saturday. You have plenty of time to do your homework.

W：Tomorrow I will go to the hospital.

M：To the hospital？ Are you ill？

W：No. My mother is ill.

M：Sorry to hear that.

3.聽(tīng)后（After listening）

聽(tīng)力結(jié)束后，不要急于寫答案。要利用頭腦中還保留的短暫記憶和筆記的內(nèi)容，對(duì)那些不太肯定的答案進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法上的推敲。

如The boy passed the cap to his mother.

聽(tīng)到的音是[pa：st]，不仔細(xì)推敲就會(huì)錯(cuò)寫成past。

請(qǐng)看下面幾個(gè)例子：

例1：聽(tīng)短文，填空。短文讀三遍。（5分）

At 4：33 on October 17， 2005， the two astronauts， our 1.heros ， Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng landed on the earth 2.successful . When we Chinese people 3.watch the moment on TV， we cheered them on loudly. When the reporter interviewed them， they said that they were in good 4.healthy， and everything went well in space. What was more， they had made a video of their experiences in space. We are 5. proud of them.

仔細(xì)檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)1.heros應(yīng)改為heroes，2.successful 應(yīng)改為successfully，3. watch 應(yīng)改為watched，4.healthy應(yīng)改為health。

例2：

（1）Yu Mei went to an English training school to 1.improve her English.

（2）Jim， Lilei， Kate and Kangkang spent the whole holiday 2.help in a disabled children’s home.

（3）Jim， Lilei， Kate and Kangkang 3.feed the disabled children， told them stories and 4.cleaned the rooms.

（4）What a/an 5.excited experience！

（5） 6.kangkang had no time to travel， but he still felt happy this holiday.

仔細(xì)檢查，可發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾處錯(cuò)誤。如第2空help應(yīng)改為 helped。第3空f(shuō)eed應(yīng)改為fed。第4空excited應(yīng)改為exciting。第6空kangkang 人名的首字母應(yīng)該大寫。

綜上所述，聽(tīng)力結(jié)束后我們還應(yīng)該從幾個(gè)方面仔細(xì)檢查：書寫（大小寫）、單復(fù)數(shù)、詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、句型結(jié)構(gòu)。

三 提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平的方法

聽(tīng)力水平的提高需要一個(gè)過(guò)程，教師可以從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行嘗試：（1）增加聽(tīng)力策略和聽(tīng)力技巧方面的指導(dǎo)。掌握正確、有效的方法，以提高聽(tīng)的效果。（2）提供多樣的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。如一是可在寒假或暑假期間布置學(xué)生觀看英文電影《功夫熊貓》并上交影評(píng)，以此提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)的興趣。二是可在日常生活中為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造更多聽(tīng)的機(jī)會(huì)。如提倡課外聽(tīng)力自主練習(xí)（推薦網(wǎng)絡(luò)聽(tīng)力資源、電視節(jié)目等），可通過(guò)訪談的方式進(jìn)行跟蹤。三是聽(tīng)說(shuō)結(jié)合，可以在課堂上展示三分鐘，如即興演講、唱英文歌曲等，以興趣促聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練。四是每周英語(yǔ)早讀時(shí)做1～2套規(guī)范的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)，運(yùn)用所學(xué)聽(tīng)力策略系統(tǒng)、規(guī)律地練習(xí)、檢測(cè)。（3）擴(kuò)充詞匯量。一是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生課外定量積累，每天記10個(gè)單詞，鞏固課外學(xué)習(xí)成果，并利用周末時(shí)間鞏固強(qiáng)化，循環(huán)記憶?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)讓學(xué)生上交詞匯表的形式進(jìn)行跟蹤。二是通過(guò)閱讀鞏固詞匯，可讓學(xué)生閱讀《書蟲》等簡(jiǎn)易讀本并上交讀后感。三是在課堂上舉行課堂詞匯競(jìng)賽和字謎競(jìng)賽，以此激勵(lì)學(xué)生以更大的熱情投入到詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中。

Where there is a will，there is a way. 只要平時(shí)多下苦功夫，聽(tīng)力水平就一定能得到提高。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]王薔主編.英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2002

〔責(zé)任編輯：龐遠(yuǎn)燕〕