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        基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估與推廣

        2014-12-13 05:33:22王曉莉等
        關(guān)鍵詞:工業(yè)企業(yè)評(píng)估

        摘要工業(yè)文明和生態(tài)文明相結(jié)合的發(fā)展模式使得工業(yè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)誘發(fā)的碳排放廣受爭(zhēng)議。國(guó)際上已經(jīng)采用針對(duì)產(chǎn)品碳足跡的全生命周期評(píng)估(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,以產(chǎn)品加貼碳標(biāo)簽的形式引導(dǎo)全社會(huì)關(guān)注工業(yè)企業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)。本文遵循國(guó)際慣例和先進(jìn)計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將LCA方法和ISO14000系列國(guó)際環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相互融合,構(gòu)建我國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評(píng)估框架。在該框架下,以嘗試實(shí)施純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒碳標(biāo)簽的企業(yè)——江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司為案例,科學(xué)分解純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒生產(chǎn)的LCA流程,準(zhǔn)確界定該企業(yè)白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計(jì)量范圍,完成純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的活動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)搜集。在保證數(shù)據(jù)有效性和可靠性的前提下,將研究區(qū)域界定為從谷物原材料投入白酒生產(chǎn)到白酒產(chǎn)品到達(dá)一個(gè)新的組織為止,功能單位為一升純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放。通過(guò)將LCA方法引入該企業(yè)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程,動(dòng)態(tài)計(jì)量并掌握了2009-2012年該企業(yè)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中各個(gè)特定階段的碳排放量,最終鎖定了與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關(guān)的鍋爐環(huán)節(jié)是引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),而外購(gòu)電力消耗是引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的次關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。并建議企業(yè)在保持現(xiàn)狀基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步利用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新減少?gòu)U水排放的COD濃度。籍此指明江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的低碳轉(zhuǎn)型路徑,為企業(yè)全面實(shí)施白酒碳標(biāo)簽,履行社會(huì)責(zé)任奠定決策基礎(chǔ)。更為將該企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估與碳減排的方法推廣至我國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)提供一定借鑒與參考。

        關(guān)鍵詞LCA;工業(yè)企業(yè);低碳生產(chǎn);評(píng)估;江蘇湯溝

        中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)X828文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0074-08doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.010

        研究表明,無(wú)論發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家,目前81%-90%的碳排放均來(lái)源于石化能源的消耗[1]。而石化能源消耗主要在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,由此產(chǎn)生的CO2約占全球排放量的近40%[2]。在我國(guó),1994年工業(yè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)引發(fā)的碳排放量已經(jīng)占據(jù)了全國(guó)碳排放總量的90%以上[3]。2005年,即使不計(jì)算煤炭發(fā)電的間接碳排放量,因企業(yè)煤電供應(yīng)的直接碳排放量就占據(jù)了全國(guó)碳排放總量的44%[4]。由于推進(jìn)工業(yè)化是實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)現(xiàn)代化目標(biāo)的主要戰(zhàn)略之一,未來(lái)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)工業(yè)碳排放是碳排放主要源頭的格局難以徹底改變,降低碳排放已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)的重要責(zé)任[5]。

        作為全球及我國(guó)的第一大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),食品工業(yè)的產(chǎn)值多年來(lái)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),2012年我國(guó)食品工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值已經(jīng)達(dá)到8.96萬(wàn)億元[6]。但同時(shí),食品引致的碳排放量也已約占全球碳排放總量的18%[7]。因此,2007年英國(guó)政府率先在全球推出第一批包括奶酪洋蔥薯片在內(nèi)的加貼碳標(biāo)簽食品,意味著食品行業(yè)已經(jīng)在國(guó)際上首批涉足碳標(biāo)簽,并籍此要求食品供應(yīng)鏈上的相關(guān)企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)采用低碳生產(chǎn),兌現(xiàn)在兩年內(nèi)降低生產(chǎn)碳排放的承諾。而另一方面,海外消費(fèi)者對(duì)酒類(lèi)食品已初步形成環(huán)保、低碳的消費(fèi)需求。如新西蘭推出了國(guó)際上首個(gè)加貼碳標(biāo)簽的葡萄酒產(chǎn)品,包括歐盟、美國(guó)、泰國(guó)、韓國(guó)等國(guó)家和地區(qū)已陸續(xù)嘗試對(duì)部分酒類(lèi)產(chǎn)品加貼碳標(biāo)簽。白酒產(chǎn)品在我國(guó)歷史悠久,是極具中國(guó)文化特色的食品。2012年白酒產(chǎn)業(yè)的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值產(chǎn)值達(dá)到4 476.04億元[8],其中純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒作為我國(guó)白酒產(chǎn)品的典型,在海內(nèi)外享有極高美譽(yù)。本文將以生產(chǎn)低碳、環(huán)保的純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒產(chǎn)品為導(dǎo)向,通過(guò)推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)對(duì)其產(chǎn)品加貼碳標(biāo)簽,較為完整地評(píng)估企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)狀況。并建議企業(yè)適時(shí)適度地在其碳排放關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)采取減排措施,對(duì)切實(shí)引領(lǐng)我國(guó)食品企業(yè),乃至整個(gè)工業(yè)企業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)型具有一定借鑒作用。

        1基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評(píng)估框架從企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的角度而言,碳標(biāo)簽其實(shí)就是一種具有生態(tài)屬性的標(biāo)志,提倡利用產(chǎn)品全生命周期評(píng)價(jià)(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,評(píng)估其低碳屬性[9]。研究表明,由于更多地涉及能源消耗,基于LCA方法的產(chǎn)品碳標(biāo)簽必須重點(diǎn)考慮工業(yè)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程[10]。因此,對(duì)工業(yè)企業(yè)而言,選擇產(chǎn)品加貼碳標(biāo)簽的第一步就是在生產(chǎn)全程采取低碳生產(chǎn)措施,執(zhí)行的基礎(chǔ)和依據(jù)就是ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的本質(zhì)就是強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品從開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)就應(yīng)使用最少的資源,盡可能地降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響,減少?gòu)U棄物的產(chǎn)生。

        事實(shí)上,根本不可能將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的環(huán)境管理從產(chǎn)品全生命周期管理中剝離[11]。在我國(guó)大多數(shù)工業(yè)企業(yè)中,貫徹與執(zhí)行ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以進(jìn)一步規(guī)范其環(huán)保型生產(chǎn)行為,從而保證生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)品的低碳屬性。因此,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,基于LCA方法的企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估框架必須與產(chǎn)品碳標(biāo)簽設(shè)計(jì),與企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的環(huán)境管理實(shí)現(xiàn)全面融合。

        王曉莉等:基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估與推廣中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期本研究將在碳標(biāo)簽的設(shè)計(jì)框架下,基于LCA方法,以貫徹ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為視角,建立我國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估框架。其中評(píng)估的重點(diǎn)就是以碳標(biāo)簽產(chǎn)品為目標(biāo),調(diào)查企業(yè)所有生產(chǎn)行為中可能引發(fā)的碳排放量(圖1)。

        基于LCA方法構(gòu)建企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評(píng)估框架,計(jì)量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放量即為分析產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)形成的碳足跡(Carbon Footprint,CF)。由于產(chǎn)品碳足跡只涉及計(jì)量其環(huán)境影響中溫室氣體(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)排放量,即氣候變暖因素,因此也被認(rèn)為是LCA方法的一個(gè)分支[12-13],兩者具有一定同質(zhì)性。

        產(chǎn)品碳足跡的計(jì)量原則指明,CF包括計(jì)量生態(tài)承載力要求的對(duì)化石能源燃燒引致CO2排放的捕獲(通過(guò)光合作用)[14],涉及從產(chǎn)品對(duì)原材料消耗、生產(chǎn)到廢物處置的全生命周期的溫室氣體排放[15]。Wiedmann進(jìn)一步指出,CF應(yīng)包含生產(chǎn)行為所引發(fā)的直接和間接的所有溫室氣體排放[16]。

        因此,本研究基于LCA方法評(píng)估企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的原則與CF計(jì)量原則一致。均以產(chǎn)品全生命周期為導(dǎo)向,將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)行為所引發(fā)的直接和間接溫室氣體排放量,利用國(guó)際氣候變化專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)(The International Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)的全球增溫趨勢(shì)(Global Warming Potential,GWP)值,轉(zhuǎn)換成碳當(dāng)量(Carbon Dioxide Equivalent,CO2e),與測(cè)量碳足跡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位一致[17]。期望通過(guò)生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)形成的產(chǎn)品碳足跡,完成對(duì)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)狀況的考察與評(píng)估。

        當(dāng)然,要使得企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估框架更適用于我國(guó)各類(lèi)工業(yè)企業(yè),本研究將通過(guò)典型企業(yè)案例的分析,獲得企業(yè)層面可靠的環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù),以進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證調(diào)整該評(píng)估框架的可行性與具體可操作性。

        3企業(yè)案例與計(jì)量原則的確定

        3.1純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒企業(yè)的案例

        白酒企業(yè)作為我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的食品工業(yè)企業(yè),其白酒產(chǎn)品是中華民族食品的典型代表,在我國(guó)具有最為穩(wěn)定的市場(chǎng)需求,消費(fèi)規(guī)模穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng),產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量逐年攀升。2012年我國(guó)白酒的銷(xiāo)售收入達(dá)到釀酒業(yè)的60%左右,遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)啤酒、黃酒等其他酒類(lèi)產(chǎn)品[8]。

        其中,純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵法是中國(guó)積累千年的傳統(tǒng)白酒生產(chǎn)工藝,在世界六大蒸餾酒中享有獨(dú)一無(wú)二的地位。所謂純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒是采用純粹的谷物原料,用曲經(jīng)固態(tài)糖化、固態(tài)發(fā)酵、固態(tài)蒸餾后貯存和勾兌后生產(chǎn)出的具有我國(guó)特定品質(zhì)的優(yōu)質(zhì)白酒,是中華民族傳統(tǒng)食品的典型代表。江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)江蘇湯溝)較好地繼承了我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的釀制技藝,企業(yè)倡導(dǎo)的制曲工藝、歷史泥窖固態(tài)發(fā)酵、合理的發(fā)酵周期和科學(xué)的蒸餾等釀造流程所生產(chǎn)的濃香型固態(tài)發(fā)酵的系列白酒是業(yè)內(nèi)公認(rèn)的品牌產(chǎn)品。本研究以純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒加貼碳標(biāo)簽為導(dǎo)向,利用企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估框架,將江蘇湯溝作為企業(yè)案例,分析白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的碳排放量,即所形成的產(chǎn)品碳足跡,對(duì)推進(jìn)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)型,引領(lǐng)白酒行業(yè)的低碳發(fā)展具有一定的推廣價(jià)值。

        3.2白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的計(jì)量原則

        本研究將遵照國(guó)際通用的IPCC計(jì)量口徑,將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中所有溫室氣體排放轉(zhuǎn)換成CO2e形式。并兼顧目前國(guó)際公認(rèn)的英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)(British Standards Institute,BSI)頒布的《商品和服務(wù)在生命周期內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放評(píng)價(jià)規(guī)范及使用指南PAS2050:2008》(Publicly Available Specification 2050:2008, PAS2050)中的LCA方法[9],參照加利福利亞葡萄酒機(jī)構(gòu)(Wine Institute of California)、新西蘭葡萄酒生產(chǎn)者組織(New Zealand Winegrowers)、南非葡萄酒一體化生產(chǎn)組織(Integrated Production of Wine South Africa)和澳大利亞葡萄酒生產(chǎn)者聯(lián)盟(Winemakers Federation of Australia)推出的國(guó)際葡萄酒碳計(jì)算器(version 1.2 of the international wine carbon calculator,IWCC),即國(guó)際葡萄酒業(yè)計(jì)量產(chǎn)品碳足跡的準(zhǔn)則[18],再結(jié)合世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展工商理事會(huì)(World Business Council for Sustainable Development,WBCSD)和世界資源機(jī)構(gòu)(World Resources Institute,WRI)的溫室氣體排放盤(pán)查議定書(shū)(GHG Protocol),將白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放劃分為范圍Ⅰ的生產(chǎn)直接排放、范圍Ⅱ的外購(gòu)能源和范圍Ⅲ的企業(yè)外購(gòu)材料、廢物處置等環(huán)節(jié)的間接排放[19]。以上的LCA準(zhǔn)則共同成為本研究計(jì)量白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計(jì)量原則。

        另外,測(cè)量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放所采用的LCA方法有多種分析工具形態(tài),可視不同的研究目標(biāo)科學(xué)合理地選擇。由于本研究主要關(guān)注的是純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的生命周期階段,客觀上需要選擇符合本研究的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中特有的LCA研究類(lèi)型(Stand Alone LCA),因此,還有如下的客觀要求:

        (1)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)中主要引發(fā)碳排放的所有相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)投入與產(chǎn)出的材料流、能量流和廢物流均需要包括在內(nèi)。

        (2)碳排放計(jì)量中使用的數(shù)據(jù)、參數(shù)等,尤其是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中生命周期各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的材料流、能量流、廢物流等和活動(dòng)水平數(shù)據(jù)和排放因子等相關(guān)參數(shù)均必須符合PAS2050重點(diǎn)定義所規(guī)定的范圍和要求。

        (3)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中特定階段碳排放的分析計(jì)算,必須涵蓋PAS2050中所規(guī)定的主要計(jì)量項(xiàng)目,并剔除其特別指明的不需要計(jì)入的相關(guān)部分,如生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的人力資源投入等。

        (4)利用PAS2050中規(guī)定的構(gòu)成1%的商品或服務(wù)就釋放1%的溫室氣體的方法,確定最小計(jì)入范圍。本研究的相關(guān)分析并未采納歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排放貿(mào)易框架中3%的最小方法。

        4計(jì)量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的相關(guān)設(shè)定

        4.1研究范圍

        對(duì)于生產(chǎn)加工食品而言,通過(guò)實(shí)證案例的驗(yàn)證,采用LCA方法計(jì)量加工食品不同階段的環(huán)境影響具有非常重要的價(jià)值,但由于從“搖籃”到“墳?zāi)埂钡倪^(guò)程涉及農(nóng)業(yè)種植、食品加工、包裝、運(yùn)輸、零售、消費(fèi)和廢物等不同環(huán)節(jié),不同階段對(duì)應(yīng)著不同的環(huán)境影響,鑒于獲得環(huán)境影響數(shù)據(jù)的難易程度,可以考慮在必須計(jì)量能源引致的排放和非能源引致的排放兩個(gè)方面的基礎(chǔ)上,適當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算過(guò)程[20]。

        本研究LCA方法的研究范圍是純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒在江蘇湯溝企業(yè)內(nèi)部的釀造生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。研究區(qū)域界定為從主要原料和能源投入到純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒(原酒)的出廠為止。生產(chǎn)投入涉及原材料投入、能源消耗、內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸?shù)拳h(huán)節(jié);產(chǎn)出則主要包括生產(chǎn)排放、運(yùn)輸和固液廢棄物。

        4.2邊界準(zhǔn)則

        受限于數(shù)據(jù)的可得性以及可忽略的環(huán)境影響等,江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的相關(guān)原材料入廠前及白酒出廠后的生命周期流程一并排除在本項(xiàng)目的研究范圍以外。如上所述,本研究的系統(tǒng)邊界計(jì)量的產(chǎn)品生命周期只包括從谷物原材料投入白酒生產(chǎn)直到白酒產(chǎn)品到達(dá)一個(gè)新的組織,不包括上游的谷物種植和運(yùn)輸、下游的白酒產(chǎn)品分銷(xiāo)、零售、消費(fèi)者使用、廢物處置與再生利用等(見(jiàn)圖2)。

        本研究后續(xù)的計(jì)量分析將嚴(yán)格按照江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)的特定過(guò)程來(lái)展開(kāi),所需的原材料和能源等投入產(chǎn)出的數(shù)據(jù)等將嚴(yán)格依據(jù)上述研究范圍與確定的邊界準(zhǔn)則。

        4.3分配程序

        同樣,需要說(shuō)明的是,本研究?jī)H涉及江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的投入與產(chǎn)出的LCA系統(tǒng),由于數(shù)據(jù)受限,并沒(méi)有包括原料生產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)等碳排放計(jì)量的分配問(wèn)題。

        4.4功能單位

        消費(fèi)者最終消費(fèi)的是瓶裝的江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒,而生產(chǎn)白酒的最終目的是服務(wù)于消費(fèi)者的飲用需求。因此,雖然本研究范圍并未涉及純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒消費(fèi)環(huán)節(jié)的碳排放,但是為方便后續(xù)研究的深入,本研究定義的功能單位為一升純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放。

        4.5LCA流程圖

        圖2是江蘇湯溝瓶裝白酒生命周期所涉及的所有流程。本研究?jī)H計(jì)量江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒過(guò)程的碳排放,而原料入廠前和成品酒出廠后的系統(tǒng)并不在本研究范圍內(nèi)。

        4.6碳排放計(jì)量范圍

        依據(jù)本研究的計(jì)量原則,按照?qǐng)D2所示的LCA流程示意圖,將江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計(jì)量分為三個(gè)范圍:范圍Ⅰ、范圍Ⅱ和范圍Ⅲ。

        其中范圍Ⅰ的排放是企業(yè)可以通過(guò)所屬產(chǎn)權(quán)直接控制,包括鍋爐與發(fā)電機(jī)的能源使用、運(yùn)輸設(shè)備的能源使用、生產(chǎn)過(guò)程能源使用、生產(chǎn)發(fā)酵排放、冷藏設(shè)備排放、固液廢棄物排放等;范圍Ⅱ則是企業(yè)外購(gòu)的網(wǎng)電、熱力等;范圍Ⅲ是相關(guān)的供應(yīng)鏈上下游企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的間接排放,涉及產(chǎn)品出廠后的運(yùn)輸、消費(fèi)和廢物處置。范圍的劃定是計(jì)量江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的關(guān)鍵,區(qū)分范圍可以保證在企業(yè)層面上的碳排放不會(huì)被重復(fù)計(jì)量。對(duì)企業(yè)而言,范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ是所有工業(yè)企業(yè)衡量產(chǎn)品碳足跡和制定碳減排目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵,因此,本研究的碳排放計(jì)量范圍僅限于包括范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ。

        5企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的計(jì)量過(guò)程及結(jié)果

        PAS2050指出,比較相同產(chǎn)品隨時(shí)間動(dòng)態(tài)變化的碳足跡的基本前提是采用完全一致的數(shù)據(jù)源、完全相同的邊界條件和其它完全等同的假設(shè)條件。依據(jù)上述要求,在企業(yè)以完全相同的統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,本研究動(dòng)態(tài)計(jì)量了2009-2012年間江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放量。

        5.1范圍Ⅰ的直接碳排放量

        5.1.1鍋爐等固定能源消耗

        依靠固定能源消耗的鍋爐在工作過(guò)程中會(huì)排放溫室氣體。將所有溫室氣體排放量乘以GWP值,折算為CO2e,即為碳排放量[21]。具體計(jì)算公式如下:

        (1)通過(guò)計(jì)量分析特定生產(chǎn)階段的碳排放量,發(fā)現(xiàn)與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關(guān)的鍋爐環(huán)節(jié)是引發(fā)江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié);而外購(gòu)電力消耗是在引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的次關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié);雖然廢水COD對(duì)白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的貢獻(xiàn)度不高,但如何在保持現(xiàn)狀中進(jìn)一步減少?gòu)U水中COD濃度,實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)步減排,這也對(duì)企業(yè)的廢水處理技術(shù)提出了新挑戰(zhàn)??梢?jiàn),本研究為江蘇湯溝基于企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,在特定生產(chǎn)階段制定并實(shí)施嚴(yán)格、有效且低碳的生產(chǎn)工藝與技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),減少純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳足跡提供了決策參考。

        (2)本研究采用與國(guó)際接軌的基于LCA的PAS2050的計(jì)量原則,為工業(yè)企業(yè)提供了解自身低碳生產(chǎn)狀況,實(shí)施企業(yè)節(jié)能減排戰(zhàn)略,承擔(dān)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任提供依據(jù)。同時(shí),也為消費(fèi)者了解我國(guó)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒產(chǎn)品的環(huán)保屬性,掌握在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)品碳足跡的構(gòu)成,為企業(yè)進(jìn)一步開(kāi)拓消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)奠定基礎(chǔ)。

        (3)作為我國(guó)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的生產(chǎn)企業(yè),以江蘇湯溝為代表的我國(guó)工業(yè)企業(yè)的節(jié)能減排與低碳生產(chǎn)應(yīng)成為其永恒追求的目標(biāo)。因此,本研究的計(jì)量分析結(jié)果證實(shí),在企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估框架下,以產(chǎn)品為導(dǎo)向,促進(jìn)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)路徑應(yīng)通過(guò)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈上各個(gè)成員的積極參與,并努力爭(zhēng)取當(dāng)?shù)卣闹С?,方可逐步?shí)現(xiàn)。

        (4)本研究的計(jì)量結(jié)果為我國(guó)工業(yè)制品加貼碳標(biāo)簽提供了有益參考。我國(guó)具有全球最大的食品消費(fèi)市場(chǎng),引導(dǎo)企業(yè)對(duì)其產(chǎn)品加貼碳標(biāo)簽,對(duì)我國(guó)在更高層次上、更大范圍內(nèi)引導(dǎo)工業(yè)行業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)與低碳消費(fèi)具有不可估量的作用。

        雖然本研究以純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒為導(dǎo)向,將江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)碳排放計(jì)量設(shè)定在特定的邊界范圍內(nèi),但由于數(shù)據(jù)采集的有效性和可靠性,并沒(méi)有涵蓋產(chǎn)品出廠后的運(yùn)輸、消費(fèi),以及谷物原材料生產(chǎn)等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。顯然,實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品碳足跡的全生命周期的計(jì)量,需要與目標(biāo)企業(yè)緊密配合,相關(guān)的政策建議包括:

        (1)建議目標(biāo)企業(yè)強(qiáng)化統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化建設(shè),嘗試性擴(kuò)展數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍,研究有關(guān)碳足跡計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建設(shè),完善建立融財(cái)務(wù)核實(shí)、清潔生產(chǎn)審計(jì)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制于一體的碳排放數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

        (2)建議目標(biāo)企業(yè)加強(qiáng)與谷物生產(chǎn)基地,包裝、瓶蓋、印刷等配套企業(yè)的一體化建設(shè),用技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、生產(chǎn)規(guī)范和經(jīng)濟(jì)手段引領(lǐng)低碳生產(chǎn)。盡可能地減少供應(yīng)鏈中數(shù)據(jù)的偏差和不確定性。如存在不確定信息,應(yīng)給出對(duì)可能發(fā)生的數(shù)值偏離的定量估算,并說(shuō)明可能引起差異的原因,并進(jìn)一步測(cè)度相應(yīng)活動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)。

        (3)將碳排放計(jì)量范圍擴(kuò)大至谷物生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸與消費(fèi)、廢物處置等環(huán)節(jié),還需要企業(yè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)核算邊界的確定,以及對(duì)活動(dòng)水平數(shù)據(jù)的收集方法和數(shù)值進(jìn)行不確定性分析,并復(fù)核計(jì)算過(guò)程和計(jì)算結(jié)果。

        (4)企業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量管理,建立碳排放質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制的程序,以識(shí)別信息誤差和遺漏,并確立與保持一個(gè)有效的信息收集系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性的常規(guī)評(píng)估。只有不斷改進(jìn)信息管理過(guò)程,方能最大程度保證企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評(píng)估后的減排成效。

        (編輯:劉呈慶)

        參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

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        [7]邴紹倩. 食品“碳排放”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及應(yīng)對(duì)之策[J]. 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)信息,2009,(20):265-266. [Bing Shaoqian. ‘Carbon emission Standard of Food and Countermeasures[J]. Modern Economic Information. 2009, (20): 265-266.]

        [8]中國(guó)釀酒工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),中國(guó)釀酒工業(yè)年鑒編委會(huì)編.中國(guó)釀酒工業(yè)年鑒2013[M]. 北京:中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,2013.[China Alcoholic Drinks Industry Association(CADA), China Alcoholic Drinks Industry Yearbook Editorial Board. Yearbook of China Alcoholic Drinks Industry 2013[M]. Beijing: China Light Industry Press, 2013.]

        [9]BSI(British Standards Institute).PAS 2050: 2008. Specification for the Assessment of the Life Cycle Greenhouse Emissions of Goods and Services[EB/OL]. (2008-1-6) [2012-6-8]. http://www.bsigroup.com/en/StandardsandPublications/IndustrySectors/Energy/PAS-2050.

        [10]CarballoPenela A, Doménech J L. Managing the Carbon Footprint of Products: the Contribution of the Method Composed of Financial Statements (MC3) [J]. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2010, 15(9):962-969.

        [11]Luciani R, Andriola L, Sibilio S. I sistemi digestione ambientale orientati al prodotto: POEMS, unnuovo strumento (in Italian)[J]. Ambiente 2003, (8):789-796.

        [12]Weidema B, Thrane M, Christensen P, Schmidt J, Lkke S. Carbon Footprint: A Catalyst for Life Cycle Assessment[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2008, 12(1): 3-6.

        [13]Finkbeiner M. Carbon Footprinting: Opportunities and Threats[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2009, 14(2): 91-94.

        [14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.

        [15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.

        [16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.

        [17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.

        [18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.

        [19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.

        [20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.

        [21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.

        [22]國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局能源統(tǒng)計(jì)司. 中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

        [23]中國(guó)電力年鑒編輯委員會(huì). 中國(guó)電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]

        Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

        in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

        WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

        (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

        2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

        AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

        Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

        [14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.

        [15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.

        [16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.

        [17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.

        [18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.

        [19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.

        [20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.

        [21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.

        [22]國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局能源統(tǒng)計(jì)司. 中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

        [23]中國(guó)電力年鑒編輯委員會(huì). 中國(guó)電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]

        Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

        in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

        WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

        (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

        2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

        AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

        Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

        [14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.

        [15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.

        [16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.

        [17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.

        [18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.

        [19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.

        [20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.

        [21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.

        [22]國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局能源統(tǒng)計(jì)司. 中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

        [23]中國(guó)電力年鑒編輯委員會(huì). 中國(guó)電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國(guó)電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]

        Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

        in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

        WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

        (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

        2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

        AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

        Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

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