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        英語長句的解構和建構方式例析

        2014-10-30 10:53:18卞金華
        新高考·教師版 2014年1期
        關鍵詞:虛擬語氣短句例析

        卞金華

        在英語的各類各級考試中,閱讀所占的比重達1/3以上,寫作也占1/4以上,閱讀考查的是輸入信息的能力,寫作則是輸出信息的能力。而困擾考生的最大問題之一就是閱讀中長句的解構能力和寫作中長句的建構能力,培養(yǎng)和訓練考生在平時學習過程中的信息接受、加工處理能力。

        地道的英語閱讀文本多用長句,上乘的英文寫作也不能一味地使用短句。寫作中如使用過多的短句,不僅使得段落顯得單調,而且使得段落非常零散、內容淺薄。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中盡是寫短句的話,這時就需要將某些簡短的語句擴展成比較長的句子。

        高考英語寫作的最高評分標準對長句做了明確的要求:“……應用了較多的語法結構和詞匯;語法結構或詞匯方面有些許錯誤,但為盡力使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致?!?/p>

        長句主要有兩種情況,一種是由于結構復雜而形成的長句,多見于書面語;還有一種是由簡單句擴展而成以使語句表達得更加生動和清楚,主要出現(xiàn)在口語的表達中。

        如對古詩“今有一物,不知其數(shù),三三數(shù)之余二;五五數(shù)之余三;七七數(shù)之余二。問物幾何?”就可有以下兩種譯法。

        一種表達很書面化,短句和短語較多:We have a number of things which, counted by threes, leave two; by fives, leave three; and by sevens, leave two. Find the number.

        另一種則多使用了長句:We have things of which we do not know the number. If we count them by threes, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by fives, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by sevens, they leave a remainder of two. How many things are there?

        一、 英語長句的擴展建構方法例析

        語句的擴展主要是在語句的主干上增添修飾成分(如定語、狀語等)。有些語句適宜用增添修飾成分的方法進行擴展,但增添修飾成分不應有斧鑿之痕,應該使原句顯得更有血有肉。試舉以下幾個例子加以說明:

        (1) A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.一個碰到問題的孩子有可能到朋友那里尋求同情。

        如要擴展此句,可采用添加修飾成分擴展成長句: A child with a problem, then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism, will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice, leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.一個碰到問題的孩子,當他覺得他從他的父母那里得到的有可能是不理解或者批評的時候,就會去找他的朋友們尋求同情和建議,而其父母對其問題卻全然不知。

        (2) We can be informed of a lot by reading books. 通過閱讀書籍我們可以了解很多東西。

        如要擴展此句,可采用添加修飾成分擴展成長句:By reading scientific books, we can be informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth s surface, forms, physical features, etc...; by reading history, we are told of the growth of the nations.通過閱讀科技書籍,我們可以了解許多事實。通過閱讀地理,我們知道了地球的表面、結構和地貌特征等。通過閱讀歷史,我們了解到世界的發(fā)展過程。

        (3) Wed better to keep company with the true friends.我們最好和對我們有幫助的朋友交往。

        如要擴展此句,可采用添加修飾成分擴展成長句:As friends are both helpful and disastrous, it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful, encouraging and loyal, but to avoid those who are mean, stingy and treacherous. 由于既有良朋益友,也有狐朋狗友,因此我們最好和那些對我們有所幫助、有所鼓勵和忠實的真正朋友交往,而要避免和那些庸的、吝嗇的、奸詐的人交往。

        二、 英語長句的解構方法例析

        解構長句的辦法可大致歸結為:找謂語,定主語;提主干,去枝葉;尋關鍵,辨邏輯;看搭配,防分隔。抓住句子主干,再把句子中涉及的其它成分,如插入語、非謂語形式、各類從句摘出來。具體來說,有以下主要方法:

        (1)剔出從句單獨理解

        After leaving school, Hawking went first to Oxford University where he studied physics, then he went to Cambridge where he studied cosmology.endprint

        (2)以動詞為線索,拋開語法直接理解

        When a cup of tea is put on a tea table before you or sent to your hands, you will say “Thank you” and receive it with two hands, not one hand, or they will think you are illmannered.

        (3)抓住關鍵詞,弄清脈絡,按序理解

        It can show politeness, reported speech and conditionals such as the First—probability—if I can come to your party, I will; the Second—improbability—if I saw you tomorrow, Id give you the book; and the Third—impossibility (meaning it is too late to change something that has happened)—if you have told me, I would have helped you.

        (4)借助標點符號自身含義,幫助理解

        I see such a difference in New York City, for example, from when I first moved here more than 20 years ago: people rushing into lifts without giving those inside a chance to get off first, never saying thank you when others hold a door open for them, or please when they want a classmate to hand them something. (劃線部分是對運用具體方法的說明)

        三、 英語長句的其它表現(xiàn)形式例析

        英語長句除了前文所說的增添修飾成分擴展建構為復合式長句外,還可以有其它的表現(xiàn)形式——倒裝句、強調句、省略句和虛擬語氣句。下面逐一作簡要介紹:

        (1) 復合句

        Su Hua and Li Jiang played basketball on the playground. They both jumped up to catch the flying ball. → Su Hua and Li Jiang were playing basketball on the playground when they both jumped up to catch the flying ball.

        復合句多使用定語從句和狀語從句,既可明確概念的外延,增大概念的內涵,也增強了句子的邏輯性。再有,長短句結構交替使用后,語句內部抑揚頓挫的節(jié)奏感就出來了,從而使文章流暢自然,生動活潑,體現(xiàn)了句子的長短之變和節(jié)奏之美。

        (2) 倒裝句

        Su said many mean words to Li and shouted at the top of his voice as well.→ Not only did Su say many mean words to Li but also shouted at the top of his voice.

        倒裝句??蓭沓猩蠁⑾?、平衡結構和強化情感之效。又如:

        A man, who is in all black, is standing with a gun in hand in front of her.→ Standing in front of her is a man, who is in all black, with a gun in hand.使用了倒裝句后,既可強化句子的情感,也可讓句子結構趨于平衡。

        (3) 強調句

        He didnt come back until the clock struck twelve.→ It was not until the clock struck twelve that he came back. 強調句常通過突出句子中的某一部分,以便能引起他人的注意,更明確地表達自己的意愿和情感。

        (4) 省略句

        While they were catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other.→ While catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other. 省略句能使句子干練,無冗長之嫌。

        (5) 虛擬語氣句

        No one put himself in the others place. They found no fun in the game.→ If one of them had put himself in the others place, they could have found more fun in the game.

        虛擬語氣可用來表達極盡感激、遺憾或悔恨之情。虛擬語氣還可以表示說話人的一種愿望、假設、懷疑、猜測、建議等含意。書面表達題中常用“假如你是……,你會如何……?”來考查考生的個人認識或解決問題的能力。

        四、 對英語長句教學的思考

        扎實的語法知識是理解長難句的基礎。

        教師在平時的教學中要重視語法技能的教學,重視語法形式、意義和功能的教學,形成語法技能,而不只是側重于學生對語法結構形式的認知,以解答試題為終極目標,忽視了它們的語用價值。因此,打破傳統(tǒng)模式,深化語法的學習是必須的。除了了解語法形式、交代語法現(xiàn)象的意義以外,創(chuàng)設情景、注重語法在交際中的運用是語法教學的準則。只有這樣,英語長難句教學才能夠順利高效地進行。

        (江蘇省高郵市南海中學)endprint

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