杜藝偉 李明麗
[摘要] 目的 對富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯片的處方進行篩選,提取出最佳的處方配伍方案。 方法 參照國外上市片“VIREAD?”的處方工藝,對其稀釋劑、崩解劑、粘合劑、潤滑劑以及包衣工藝進行實驗,并將自制樣品與參比制劑在高溫、高濕及光照條件下進行穩(wěn)定性考察,篩選出合理的處方工藝。 結(jié)果 最終確定處方工藝為:富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯300mg;乳糖60mg;微晶纖維素165mg;預(yù)膠化淀粉100mg;交聯(lián)羧甲基纖維素鈉35mg;硬脂酸鎂5mg;歐巴代薄膜包衣預(yù)混劑20mg;以純化水為粘合劑。 結(jié)論 確定的處方工藝穩(wěn)定,生產(chǎn)過程不苛刻,適合放大生產(chǎn),穩(wěn)定性研究結(jié)果與市售品性質(zhì)相似,體外溶出行為相近,處方設(shè)計合理。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯片;穩(wěn)定性;處方工藝;參比制劑“VIREAD?”
[中圖分類號] Q326 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)17-23-03
[Abstract] Objective To extract the best prescription compatibility program, the prescription of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets were screened. Methods According to prescription technology of foreign sales "VIREAD?", carried out experiments on its diluents, disintegrating agents, binders, lubricants and coating process, and homemade samples and reference preparation were stability studied under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity and illumination, screening a reasonable prescription process. Results Prescription process was ultimately determined including: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300mg; lactose 60mg; microcrystalline cellulose 165mg; pre-gelatinized starch 100mg; cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 35mg; magnesium stearate 5mg; Opadry film coating premixes 20mg; purified water as a binder. Conclusion Prescription process determined is stable, production process is not harsh, suit amplification production, similar to the stability of the results and the nature of commercial products, similar behavior in vitro dissolution,the design of prescription is reasonable.
[Key words] Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets; Stability; Prescription process; Reference preparation "VIREAD?”
富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯是替諾福韋的口服前體藥物。TDF的分子式為C19H30N5O10P·C4H4O4,相對分子質(zhì)量為635.52[1]。富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)是一種新型核苷酸類逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑(NRTIs),通過抑制HIV-1逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶的活性抑制HIV病毒復制[2]。由于替諾福韋口服吸收較差,制成酯可以提高吸收和細胞對其的攝取[3]。
富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯是美國Gilead公司開發(fā)的一種新型核苷酸類逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑,于2002年在歐盟上市,用于治療HIV-1感染和慢性乙型肝炎[4]。在臨床擴大使用計劃中,有近3000例患者參與本品單獨用藥或與其他抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒藥物聯(lián)合用藥的系列臨床試驗,歷時3~5年[5-7]。
SFDA于2008年6月18日批準富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯片在中國進口注冊。目前國內(nèi)只有南非進口的韋瑞德(“VIREAD?”)銷售,為增大患者臨床用藥的選擇性并降低用藥成本,本研究參照GILEAD公司的VIREAD?,對其處方工藝進行篩選、優(yōu)化,確定了富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯片的處方工藝,對生產(chǎn)中的主要工藝參數(shù)進行了驗證,制定了該產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量控制標準,并預(yù)期實現(xiàn)本品的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。
1 實驗與方法
1.1 儀器設(shè)備
硬度儀(天大天發(fā))FT-2000A,溶出試驗儀(天大天發(fā))RC806,崩解實驗儀(天大天發(fā))ZBS-6G,脆碎度測定儀,(天大天發(fā))CS2。
1.2 處方組成
1.3 處方篩選
1.3.1 稀釋劑的選擇 參照國外上市片“VIREAD?”處方,我們選擇乳糖、微晶纖維素和預(yù)膠化淀粉這三種稀釋劑,分別調(diào)整稀釋劑的用量,壓片,以片芯外觀、硬度和脆碎度為主要的評價指標,初步篩選填充劑及其用量,脆碎度檢測方法,取本品10片用吹風機吹去脫落粉末,精密稱重,置圓筒中轉(zhuǎn)動100次,取出,同法除去粉末精密稱重,失重量不得過1%,計算方法為:脆碎前的重量(mg)-脆碎后的重量(mg)/脆碎前的重量(mg)×100%。硬度測定,取本品十片,水平放入硬度儀中,讀取每片硬度,計算10片硬度平均值,具體見表2。endprint
由上述試驗結(jié)果可知,幾種稀釋劑的填充效果有較明顯的差異。處方1和處方3單獨使用乳糖、預(yù)膠化淀粉作為稀釋劑時,所得片芯脆碎度大,且單獨使用預(yù)膠化淀粉時所得片子片面不平整,有麻面現(xiàn)象;處方4所得片子外觀和硬度均較好,但由于乳糖量較多,所得片子脆碎度較大,處方2單獨使用微晶纖維素作為稀釋劑和處方5所得片芯外觀良好,硬度適宜,脆碎度較小??紤]到微晶纖維素吸水性較強,崩解性能較好,使用量過多不易控制溶出速度,因此從成型性、制備成本及片芯性能多角度考慮,最終選用處方5作為基礎(chǔ)處方再優(yōu)化。
1.3.2 崩解劑的選擇 崩解劑是促使片劑在胃腸液中迅速碎裂成細小顆粒的輔料。由于片劑是在高壓下壓制而成,空隙率小,結(jié)合力強,很難迅速溶解而溶出,因此崩解劑是保證藥物體內(nèi)溶出并吸收的重要添加劑。為保證本品的有效溶出,對崩解劑進行了篩選。參照國外上市片“VIREAD?”處方,選用交聯(lián)羧甲基纖維素鈉作為本品崩解劑。交聯(lián)羧甲基纖維素鈉為片劑常用崩解劑,其在水中不溶,但可吸水溶脹,具有較大的吸水速度和吸水量。我們對其用量進行考察,以片芯的外觀、崩解時限和溶出曲線作為評價指標,進行了崩解劑的篩選。崩解儀器使用,設(shè)置水溫37℃。取6片置吊籃中,啟動崩解儀,記錄崩解時限。
結(jié)果顯示:處方8所得樣品溶出較快。5min即全部溶出完全。處方7和參比制劑溶出相似。因此,綜合考慮,確定選用處方7,即處方中交聯(lián)羧甲基纖維素鈉的用量為35mg/片。
1.3.3 粘合劑的選擇 為保證顆粒的成型性、可壓性及流動性,對粘合劑的種類及用量進行了篩選。濕法制粒常用的粘合劑(或潤濕劑)有水、不同比例的乙醇溶液、淀粉漿和聚維酮K30溶液等,由于國外上市片“VIREAD?”處方中沒有淀粉和聚維酮K30,為保證本品的安全性,我們選擇輔料的原則為盡可能保證仿制品種與上市品“VIREAD?”的輔料種類一致。因此,我們選用水、50%醇溶液作為粘合劑,以制粒的難易程度、顆粒成型性及片劑硬度、外觀等作為評價指標,進行了粘合劑的篩選。試驗結(jié)果見表5。
結(jié)果顯示:兩種粘合劑所得樣品各項指標均較好。但水較乙醇在樣品制備過程中安全性更高,成本更低。因此,我們確定選用水作為本品粘合劑。
1.3.4 潤滑劑的選擇 為降低片劑與沖模壁間的摩擦力,同時也為保證壓片時壓力分布均勻,加入了潤滑劑。最常用的潤滑劑為硬脂酸鎂,上市片“VIREAD?”中用到的潤滑劑也是硬脂酸鎂,因此,我們對硬脂酸鎂的用量進行考察。通過連續(xù)壓片,考察片芯的外觀、出片情況、顆粒的流動性以及片重差異,結(jié)果見表6。
由上述試驗結(jié)果可知,處方11片面有麻點,壓片時有粘沖現(xiàn)象,處方12增大潤滑劑的用量后,顆粒流動性較好,連續(xù)出片順利。因此,我們確定本品中硬脂酸鎂的用量為5mg/片。
1.3.5 包衣工藝的的選擇 為掩蓋主藥的苦味及避光,我們對片劑進行了薄膜包衣。本品擬采用上海卡樂康包衣技術(shù)有限公司生產(chǎn)的胃溶型薄膜包衣劑。包衣工藝如下。
配制約10%的歐巴代薄膜包衣預(yù)混劑,溶劑為水,取溶劑置攪拌筒內(nèi),開啟攪拌器使整個液面形成漩渦,以均衡的速度加入歐巴代薄膜包衣預(yù)混劑,加料完畢后,將攪拌速度放慢使液面漩渦剛剛消失,持續(xù)攪拌45min至包衣粉完全溶散,停機后經(jīng)80目篩過濾,濾液備用。
取制備好的片芯,篩去細粉后稱重,投入預(yù)熱的包衣鍋中,開啟包衣機,進風溫度55~65℃,轉(zhuǎn)速10~15轉(zhuǎn)/min,片床溫度35~40℃,壓差-300~-500Pa。待衣層致密,厚薄均一,干燥牢固,包衣增重約為2%時即可結(jié)束包衣。
本處方包衣液的薄膜包衣片表面光滑,薄膜衣韌性較好。對包衣后的樣品進行體外溶出曲線考察,見圖1。
由上述試驗結(jié)果可知,本品與參比制劑性狀、有關(guān)物質(zhì)、含量和溶出度的檢驗結(jié)果相近,表明本品與參比制劑質(zhì)量相近。
取自制樣品(批號:20101201)和參比制劑(VIREAD?)分別于高溫60℃,相對濕度(90±5)%和(4500±500)Lx照度下放置10d,于5、10d后取樣,依本品質(zhì)量標準草案測定,重點考察指標為性狀、含量、有關(guān)物質(zhì)、水分和溶出度,并與0d樣品進行比較。結(jié)果見表9~10。
2 結(jié)果與討論
本品和參比制劑(VIREAD?,批號:10VR028D,GILEAD公司生產(chǎn))經(jīng)過10d影響因素試驗對比研究表明:本品在光照(4500±500)Lx條件下放置10d后,與0d進行比較,各項檢測指標均未發(fā)生顯著性變化;在高濕RH(90±5)%和高溫60℃條件下放置10d后,雜質(zhì)Ⅱ(Mono-POC PMPA),雜質(zhì)Ⅲ(Mono-POC Dimer),雜質(zhì)Ⅸ(Mixed Dimer)和雜質(zhì)Ⅺ(Dimer)略有增大,有關(guān)物質(zhì)略有增加,其他各項檢測指標均未發(fā)生顯著性變化。且在高濕條件下本品有吸濕現(xiàn)象。表明本品對強光(4500±500)Lx相對穩(wěn)定,在高濕RH(90±5)%和高溫60℃條件下不穩(wěn)定(在標準范圍之內(nèi))。為確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,將本品密封,干燥處保存。
參比制劑的影響因素試驗,與自制品的試驗結(jié)果對比可知,自制品與參比制劑變化趨勢相近,表明自制樣品與參比制劑對高溫、高濕及光照的敏感程度相似,說明本品與參比制劑的穩(wěn)定性相近。
使用初步確定的處方及制備工藝進行實驗室規(guī)模放大,所得樣品外觀、片重差異良好,工藝穩(wěn)定,生產(chǎn)過程不苛刻,適合放大生產(chǎn),同時根據(jù)本品初步穩(wěn)定性的研究結(jié)果可知,本品與市售品性質(zhì)相似,體外溶出行為相近,穩(wěn)定性相近,說明初步確定的處方設(shè)計合理。
TDF 作為一種強效,耐藥屏障高的抗HBV 的核苷(酸)類藥物。在治療早期的臨床試驗結(jié)果顯示,TDF 治療HBeAg 陽性和陰性患者抑制病毒方面強于ADV[8-10],且TDF單藥或與其他核苷(酸)類藥物聯(lián)合用藥對明確的LAM和ADV耐藥者有效[11-12]。本研究富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯片國內(nèi)未見報道,本研究理論成熟,可操作性強,適合規(guī)?;a(chǎn)。endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張寧,羅生強.替諾福韋治療慢性乙型肝炎的新進展[J].中國新藥雜志,2013,22(11):1269-1275.
[2] Fung HB,Stone EA,Piacenti FJ.Tenofovir disoproxil fu-marate: a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treat-ment of HIV infection[J].Clin Ther,2002,24(10):1515-1548.
[3] Van Gelder J,Deferme S,Naesens.Intestin al absorp tionenhancem ent of the ester p rod rug tenofovir d isop roxil fum arate throughm odu lat ion of th e b iochem ical barrier by def ined esterm ixtures [J].Drug Metab Dispos,2002,30(8):924-930.
[4] Michailidis E,Kirby KA,Hachiya A,et al. Antiviral ther-apies: focus on hepatitis B reverse transcriptase[J].Int J Bio-chem Cell B,2012,44(7):1060-1071.
[5] Gall ant JE,Staszewski S,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DFvs stavudine in combinat ion therapy in an ti ret roviral naive patients:a 3year randomiz edtrial[J].JAMA,2004,292(2): 191-201.
[6] Dore GJ,Cooper DA,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy of tenof ovir di soproxil fumar at e in ant iret roviral th erapyn aive an dexperienced pat ient s coin fect ed with HIV-1 and hepat it is B virus[J].J In fect Dis,2004,189(7):1185-1192.
[7] Squires K,Pozniak AL,Pierone GJr,et al.T enof ovir dis oproxil fumarat e in nucleosid e resi st ant HIV-1 in fection:a randomized trial[J].Ann Intern Med,2003,139 (5 Pt 1):313-320.
[8] van Bommel F,de Man RA,Wedemeyer H,et al.Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitisB virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues[J].Hepatology,2010, 51(1):73-80.
[9] Heathcote EJ,Marcellin P,Buti M,et a1.Three-yearsefficacy and safety of disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B [J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(1):132-143.
[10] Gish R,Jia JD,Locarnini S,et al.Selection of chronic hepatitis B therapy with high barrier to resistance[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2012,12(4):341-353.
[11] Berg T,Marcellin P,Zoulim F,et al.Tenofovir is effective alone or with emtricitabine in adefovir –treated patients with chronic-hepatitis B virus infection[J].Gastroenterology,2010,139(4): 1207-1217.
[12] Levrero M,Cimino L,Lampertico P,et al.Tenofovir(TDF)for chronic hepatitis B patients with suboptimal response to ADV or ADV/LAM treatment:result of the OPTIB Italian multicenter prospective open label study[J].AASLD,2010,Abstract 138.
(收稿日期:2014-06-10)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張寧,羅生強.替諾福韋治療慢性乙型肝炎的新進展[J].中國新藥雜志,2013,22(11):1269-1275.
[2] Fung HB,Stone EA,Piacenti FJ.Tenofovir disoproxil fu-marate: a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treat-ment of HIV infection[J].Clin Ther,2002,24(10):1515-1548.
[3] Van Gelder J,Deferme S,Naesens.Intestin al absorp tionenhancem ent of the ester p rod rug tenofovir d isop roxil fum arate throughm odu lat ion of th e b iochem ical barrier by def ined esterm ixtures [J].Drug Metab Dispos,2002,30(8):924-930.
[4] Michailidis E,Kirby KA,Hachiya A,et al. Antiviral ther-apies: focus on hepatitis B reverse transcriptase[J].Int J Bio-chem Cell B,2012,44(7):1060-1071.
[5] Gall ant JE,Staszewski S,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DFvs stavudine in combinat ion therapy in an ti ret roviral naive patients:a 3year randomiz edtrial[J].JAMA,2004,292(2): 191-201.
[6] Dore GJ,Cooper DA,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy of tenof ovir di soproxil fumar at e in ant iret roviral th erapyn aive an dexperienced pat ient s coin fect ed with HIV-1 and hepat it is B virus[J].J In fect Dis,2004,189(7):1185-1192.
[7] Squires K,Pozniak AL,Pierone GJr,et al.T enof ovir dis oproxil fumarat e in nucleosid e resi st ant HIV-1 in fection:a randomized trial[J].Ann Intern Med,2003,139 (5 Pt 1):313-320.
[8] van Bommel F,de Man RA,Wedemeyer H,et al.Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitisB virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues[J].Hepatology,2010, 51(1):73-80.
[9] Heathcote EJ,Marcellin P,Buti M,et a1.Three-yearsefficacy and safety of disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B [J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(1):132-143.
[10] Gish R,Jia JD,Locarnini S,et al.Selection of chronic hepatitis B therapy with high barrier to resistance[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2012,12(4):341-353.
[11] Berg T,Marcellin P,Zoulim F,et al.Tenofovir is effective alone or with emtricitabine in adefovir –treated patients with chronic-hepatitis B virus infection[J].Gastroenterology,2010,139(4): 1207-1217.
[12] Levrero M,Cimino L,Lampertico P,et al.Tenofovir(TDF)for chronic hepatitis B patients with suboptimal response to ADV or ADV/LAM treatment:result of the OPTIB Italian multicenter prospective open label study[J].AASLD,2010,Abstract 138.
(收稿日期:2014-06-10)endprint
[參考文獻]
[1] 張寧,羅生強.替諾福韋治療慢性乙型肝炎的新進展[J].中國新藥雜志,2013,22(11):1269-1275.
[2] Fung HB,Stone EA,Piacenti FJ.Tenofovir disoproxil fu-marate: a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treat-ment of HIV infection[J].Clin Ther,2002,24(10):1515-1548.
[3] Van Gelder J,Deferme S,Naesens.Intestin al absorp tionenhancem ent of the ester p rod rug tenofovir d isop roxil fum arate throughm odu lat ion of th e b iochem ical barrier by def ined esterm ixtures [J].Drug Metab Dispos,2002,30(8):924-930.
[4] Michailidis E,Kirby KA,Hachiya A,et al. Antiviral ther-apies: focus on hepatitis B reverse transcriptase[J].Int J Bio-chem Cell B,2012,44(7):1060-1071.
[5] Gall ant JE,Staszewski S,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DFvs stavudine in combinat ion therapy in an ti ret roviral naive patients:a 3year randomiz edtrial[J].JAMA,2004,292(2): 191-201.
[6] Dore GJ,Cooper DA,Pozniak AL,et al.Efficacy of tenof ovir di soproxil fumar at e in ant iret roviral th erapyn aive an dexperienced pat ient s coin fect ed with HIV-1 and hepat it is B virus[J].J In fect Dis,2004,189(7):1185-1192.
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(收稿日期:2014-06-10)endprint