楊杰 李永夫 黃張婷 姜培坤
1引言
近年來,植硅體碳作為一種了解全球氣候變化潛力的穩(wěn)定型有機碳已被科學工作者廣泛研究\[1,2\]。為進一步對植硅體碳進行深入研究,開發(fā)出快速準確檢驗植硅體中有機碳含量的新方法變得尤為迫切。目前,植硅體碳的測定方法主要有Elementar Vario MAX CNS分析儀法和酸溶法\[3,\],前者需要高溫條件及特定儀器,難于適應大批樣品低損耗、快速經(jīng)濟檢測的需求;后者存在環(huán)境污染的風險,同時也對操作人員具有一定的安全隱患,本實驗建立了強堿快速溶解植硅體,重鉻酸鉀硫酸溶液氧化分光光度法定量測定植硅體碳的方法,擴大了檢測限度,降低了分析成本。
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑722可見分光光度計(上海菁華科技儀器有限公司);萬分之一電子天平(上海民橋精密科學儀器有限公司);微波消解儀(美國CEM公司); Elementar Vario MAX CN(德國)分析儀;低速離心機(中科中佳科學儀器有限公司)。
NO3, 2SO, Cl, 2O2, NaO, C22O·22O(優(yōu)級純,上海凌峰化學試劑有限公司);K2Cr2O7(分析純,無錫海碩生物有限公司);eSO·(N)2SO·62O(分析純,湖州湖試化學試劑有限公司);(N)6Mo7O2·2O(分析純,合肥科華精細化工研究所);Si標準物質(國家有色金屬及電子材料分析測試中心);土壤標準樣(2013年5月以國家標準物質GBW0705校準);C612O6·2O(國藥準字31021728;上海信誼金朱藥業(yè)有限公司)。
2.2植硅體植硅體碳樣本的制備植硅體的提取采用微波消解法\[5\],確保有機質完全除去后干燥確保足量。
2.3實驗原理及方法在外加熱(98 ℃)的條件下,用一定濃度的重鉻酸鉀硫酸溶液氧化有機碳\[6\],生成Cr3+,在590 nm下比色,根據(jù)K2Cr2O7的消耗量,計算有機碳含量?;瘜W反應如下:
2K2Cr2O7 + 82SO + 3C=2K2SO + 2Cr2(SO)3 + 3CO2 + 82O(1)
分別稱取0.0100 g植硅體樣品于10 mL塑料離心管中,加入10 mol/L NaO 0.5 mL,搖勻,靜置堿溶12 h。轉移入30 mL玻璃離心管中,用超純水清洗塑料離心管兩次,每次0.7 mL,一并轉入玻璃離心管。加入0.800 mol/L K2Cr2O7溶液1.0 mL,濃2SO.6 mL,輕輕搖勻。98 ℃沸水浴1 h,冷卻,定容至25 mL,輕輕搖勻,2500 r/ min低速離心10 min,取上清液,于590 nm比色測定。
2.數(shù)據(jù)處理數(shù)據(jù)的處理在Microsoft Excel 2003中進行,數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計與檢驗在SPSS 18.0中進行。利用單因素方差分析,Duncan新復極差法檢驗不同處理方法的差異顯著性(α=0.01, α=0.05)。Origin 8.5軟件作圖。
3結果與討論
3.1稱樣量及堿溶時間的確定不同的植硅體樣品中有機碳的含量不同\[7\]。根據(jù)植硅體種類的不同, 稱取約0.0100 g植硅體樣品待實驗測定。為確保方法適用于更廣泛的植硅體碳的測定,此步驟以純凈的SiO2代替植硅體,在不同的時間條件下進行堿溶,測定溶出的Si濃度。結果表明,堿濃度為10 mol/L、堿溶體積為0.5 mL的前提下,堿溶12 h是使植硅體外層SiO2溶解的最佳時間。
3.2氧化條件及水浴溫度的選擇本實驗選擇3種植硅體樣品,在5個氧化梯度(濃硫酸與植硅體堿溶液比例分別為0.5∶1, 1∶1, 1.5∶1, 2∶1和2.5∶1)和5個水浴溫度(30,60,90,95和98 ℃),設計正交試驗,過程中加入土壤標準樣品及有機碳標準溶液進行回收實驗。結果表明,植硅體碳氧化的最佳條件是:濃硫酸與植硅體堿溶液體積比為1.5∶1,水浴溫度98 ℃。此條件下,土壤標準樣品及有機碳標準溶液中有機碳的回收率分別為100.1%~103.0%和10.8%~107.0%。
3.3標準曲線的繪制準確吸取有機碳標準溶液(0.90909 g/L)0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5和2.0 mL于比色管中,以超純水分別定容至2.0 mL,準確加入濃度為0.800 mol/L K2Cr2O7標準溶液1.0 mL,其余條件與樣品處理條件相同,定容至25 mL,此時含有機碳濃度分別為0, 18.2, 36., 5.5和72.7 mg/L。用1 cm光程比色皿于590 nm下比色,記錄吸光度。繪制標準曲線,建立回歸方程。
3.實驗樣品的分析及方法可行性檢驗按照以上確定的步驟及方法對采自12個地方的20個土壤及植物樣品所提取的植硅體樣品進行分析,測定結果同目前常用的Elementar Vario MAX CNS分析儀的測定結果比較(圖1)。結果表明,兩種方法測定的植硅體樣品的植硅體碳含量在數(shù)值上完全可以相互比對,不存在明顯的系統(tǒng)差異。將兩種方法的測定結果進行t檢驗而當自由度v=19時,在5%水平下t=2.09,|t| 1Wilding L P. Science, 1967, 156(3771): 66-67 2Parr J, Sullivan L, Chen B, Ye G , Zheng W P. Global Change Biology, 2010, 16(10): 2661-2667 3Parr J , Sullivan L A. Plant and Soil., 201, 37(12): 5-53
Song Z,Wang, , Strong, P.J, Li, Z. and Jiang, P. EarthScience Reviews., 2012, 115(): 319-331
5Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
6SoilDetermination of Organic CarbonPotassium Dichromate Oxidation Spectrophotometric Method. he people′s Republic of China national standard of environmental protection. J 615-2011
土壤有機碳的測定重鉻酸鉀氧化分光光度法. 中華人民共和國國家環(huán)境保護標準. J 615-2011
7Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
AbstractA method to determine phytolithoccluded carbon (PhytOC) was explored. Sodium hydroxide solution was used to dissolve the silicon compound(SiO2·n2O) which occluding on the carbon, and then potassium dichromatesulphuric acid solution was used to oxidize the released organic carbon. he concentration of Gr3+produced from the reaction was measured by spectrophotometry with its absorbance at 590 nm wavelength. he organic carbon concentration was calculated based on the amounts of potassium dichromate consumed. his analytical method was verified well accuracy and repeatability by running standard addition and recovery experiments. It has the advantages of low carbon loss, easy to operate, low cost; and hardly any influence to body health, as compared with acid dissolutionElementar Vario MAX CN method. he results obtained from this method have a good correlation with these determined by Elementar Vario MAX CN (Germany).
KeywordsPhytolith; Phytolithoccluded carbon; Alkali dissolution; Spectrophotometry
Song Z,Wang, , Strong, P.J, Li, Z. and Jiang, P. EarthScience Reviews., 2012, 115(): 319-331
5Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
6SoilDetermination of Organic CarbonPotassium Dichromate Oxidation Spectrophotometric Method. he people′s Republic of China national standard of environmental protection. J 615-2011
土壤有機碳的測定重鉻酸鉀氧化分光光度法. 中華人民共和國國家環(huán)境保護標準. J 615-2011
7Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
AbstractA method to determine phytolithoccluded carbon (PhytOC) was explored. Sodium hydroxide solution was used to dissolve the silicon compound(SiO2·n2O) which occluding on the carbon, and then potassium dichromatesulphuric acid solution was used to oxidize the released organic carbon. he concentration of Gr3+produced from the reaction was measured by spectrophotometry with its absorbance at 590 nm wavelength. he organic carbon concentration was calculated based on the amounts of potassium dichromate consumed. his analytical method was verified well accuracy and repeatability by running standard addition and recovery experiments. It has the advantages of low carbon loss, easy to operate, low cost; and hardly any influence to body health, as compared with acid dissolutionElementar Vario MAX CN method. he results obtained from this method have a good correlation with these determined by Elementar Vario MAX CN (Germany).
KeywordsPhytolith; Phytolithoccluded carbon; Alkali dissolution; Spectrophotometry
Song Z,Wang, , Strong, P.J, Li, Z. and Jiang, P. EarthScience Reviews., 2012, 115(): 319-331
5Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
6SoilDetermination of Organic CarbonPotassium Dichromate Oxidation Spectrophotometric Method. he people′s Republic of China national standard of environmental protection. J 615-2011
土壤有機碳的測定重鉻酸鉀氧化分光光度法. 中華人民共和國國家環(huán)境保護標準. J 615-2011
7Parr J , Dolic V, Lancaster G, Boyd W E. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2001, 116(3): 203-212
AbstractA method to determine phytolithoccluded carbon (PhytOC) was explored. Sodium hydroxide solution was used to dissolve the silicon compound(SiO2·n2O) which occluding on the carbon, and then potassium dichromatesulphuric acid solution was used to oxidize the released organic carbon. he concentration of Gr3+produced from the reaction was measured by spectrophotometry with its absorbance at 590 nm wavelength. he organic carbon concentration was calculated based on the amounts of potassium dichromate consumed. his analytical method was verified well accuracy and repeatability by running standard addition and recovery experiments. It has the advantages of low carbon loss, easy to operate, low cost; and hardly any influence to body health, as compared with acid dissolutionElementar Vario MAX CN method. he results obtained from this method have a good correlation with these determined by Elementar Vario MAX CN (Germany).
KeywordsPhytolith; Phytolithoccluded carbon; Alkali dissolution; Spectrophotometry