賀軍++++++文武++++++陳國(guó)棟++++++丁成明++++++黃秋林++++++賀更生
[摘要] 目的 運(yùn)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技術(shù)檢測(cè)miR-331-3p在肝癌細(xì)胞株和肝癌組織中的表達(dá),探討其在肝癌中表達(dá)的臨床意義及潛在臨床價(jià)值。 方法 采用基于2-ΔΔCt的qRT-PCR檢測(cè)miR-331-3p在正常肝細(xì)胞株(HL-7702)、不同侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力的肝癌細(xì)胞株(HepG2、MHCC97-H、HCCLM3)的表達(dá),同時(shí)收集5例正常肝組織、30例肝癌組織及癌旁組織,進(jìn)行定量分析,并分析miR-331-3p與肝癌患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。 結(jié)果 與正常肝細(xì)胞株相比,miR-331-3p在肝癌細(xì)胞株中表達(dá)下調(diào),且隨著肝癌細(xì)胞株侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移程度增加,其表達(dá)下調(diào)越明顯(P<0.05);與正常肝組織相比,肝癌組織中miR-331-3p有不同程度的表達(dá)下調(diào)(P<0.05),且與肝癌患者腫瘤多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)(P=0.036)、低分化程度(P=0.035)以及伴有靜脈浸潤(rùn)(P=0.016)等臨床病理特征相關(guān)。 結(jié)論 miR-331-3p在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程可能發(fā)揮重要作用,miR-331-3p有望成為肝癌新的生物標(biāo)志物或預(yù)后因子。
[關(guān)鍵詞] miRNA;miR-331-3p;肝細(xì)胞癌;臨床病理特征
[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.7[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)06(b)-0004-04
Study on the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma
HE Jun WEN Wu* CHEN Guo-dong DING Cheng-ming HUANG Qiu-lin HE Geng-sheng▲
Department of General Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China
[Abstract] Objective To detect the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and investigate the significance and potential clinical value of miR-331-3p in HCC. Methods 2-ΔΔCt method was used for qRT-PCR of the expression pattern of miR-331-3p in normal human liver cell line HL-7702 and different invasion and metastasis of HCC cell lines (HepG2,MHCC97-H,HCCLM3),meanwhile,5 normal liver tissues,30 HCC and adjacent tissues were selected,and the relationship between the expression of miR-331-3p and the clinicopathological characteristics of HCC was analyzed. Results Compared with normal liver cell line,hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines showed miR-331-3p down-regulation,and with the increase of the degree of invasion and metastasis,the more obvious its down-regulation (P<0.05).Compared with normal liver tissues,the HCC tissues showed significant miR-331-3p down-regulation (P<0.05),and it was related to multiple tumor nodules (P=0.036),low differentiation (P=0.035),and venous invasion (P=0.016). Conclusion In the process of the occurrence and development of HCC,miR-331-3p may play an important role,it is expected to become the new biomarker or prognostic factor of HCC.
[Key words] miRNA;miR-331-3p;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Clinical pathological features
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是一種病死率高、生存期短的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,在全球HCC每年新增病例國(guó)家中,中國(guó)排在第1位,占全球總發(fā)病率的50%,西方國(guó)家發(fā)病率雖不高但卻在逐年遞增[1],對(duì)于有機(jī)會(huì)行手術(shù)切除的HCC患者,術(shù)后5年復(fù)發(fā)率仍可高達(dá)50%~70%[2]。
miRNA是一類由長(zhǎng)度為18~25個(gè)核苷酸(nt)組成的單鏈非編碼小RNA分子,其在真核生物中廣泛存在,具有高度遺傳穩(wěn)定性。初始的miRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物在核糖核酸酶Drosha和Dicer1進(jìn)行剪接,從而發(fā)展成為成熟的miRNA[3],后者實(shí)現(xiàn)基因調(diào)控的作用機(jī)制主要通過與靶基因mRNA的3′UTR結(jié)合而使mRNA降解或抑制其翻譯,由此miRNA可以通過癌基因和抑癌基因的相互作用對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)生、凋亡和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行調(diào)控,從而影響腫瘤患者的預(yù)后。某些miRNA在腫瘤組織表達(dá)具有特異性,且在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了非常重要的調(diào)控作用[4-5]。miR-331-3p作為miRNA家族中一員,目前在腫瘤的相關(guān)研究中miR-331-3p的研究相對(duì)較少,少量研究結(jié)果顯示miR-331-3p在胃癌[6]、前列腺癌[7]、白血病[8]等惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。然而miR-331-3p在HCC中的相關(guān)研究較少,因此本研究初步探討miR-331-3p在HCC中的表達(dá)情況,以期為miRNA在HCC中發(fā)揮的作用提供新的依據(jù),同時(shí)為HCC的生物學(xué)診斷和治療提供新的依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試劑和儀器
DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自Hyclone公司,胎牛血清購(gòu)自北京康為公司。miR-331-3p及RNA U6引物由廣州銳博生物公司合成。Trizol試劑購(gòu)自Invitrogen公司,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購(gòu)自promega公司,SYBR Green PCR Master Mix試劑盒購(gòu)自TAKARA公司。氯仿、異丙醇、無水乙醇等試劑均為進(jìn)口分裝或國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純。Nanodrop2000/2000C分光光度計(jì)(Thermo公司)和穩(wěn)壓電泳儀(上海天能)。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
HL-7702細(xì)胞、MHCC97-H細(xì)胞及HCCLM3細(xì)胞來源于中科院上海細(xì)胞研究所,HepG2細(xì)胞由南華大學(xué)心血管疾病研究所實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供。用含10%的胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,置于含5%CO2、37℃、飽和濕度條件下的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
1.3 標(biāo)本來源
選取2011年11月~2013年7月在南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院普外科、腫瘤外科及湘雅二醫(yī)院普外科行手術(shù)切除術(shù)的HCC組織標(biāo)本共30例,男性24例,女性6例,年齡32~81歲,中位年齡56歲。HCC組織:取自實(shí)性癌中未壞死的區(qū)域。癌旁組織:距離癌灶邊緣2 cm的組織。選取肝血管瘤及肝外傷行肝切除患者的正常肝臟組織5例。所有病例術(shù)前均未放化療,組織性質(zhì)均經(jīng)病理學(xué)證實(shí)。手術(shù)切除的組織標(biāo)本離體后迅速置入液氮冷凍,之后轉(zhuǎn)移至-80℃冰箱中保存?zhèn)溆?。收集HCC患者的一般信息及臨床病理資料,如性別、年齡、有無肝硬化、術(shù)前血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)值、腫瘤直徑、腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)數(shù)目、有無包膜、腫瘤分化程度以及有無靜脈浸潤(rùn)等,并根據(jù)以上臨床病理特征進(jìn)行逐一分組。
1.4 總RNA提取
按照TRIzol試劑(Invitrogen公司)操作說明書的步驟,分別提取出細(xì)胞及組織標(biāo)本的總RNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)評(píng)估 RNA的濃度和純度。所有RNA樣品置-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.5 逆轉(zhuǎn)錄
RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA(根據(jù)Promega公司M-MLV操作說明書進(jìn)行),RT反應(yīng)程序?yàn)椋?2℃ 60 min,70℃ 10 min。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)結(jié)束后立即將cDNA產(chǎn)物取出,快速置冰上冷卻,置-80℃?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.6 qPCR檢測(cè)
根據(jù)TAKARA公司SYBR Master Mixture操作說明書進(jìn)行,且每個(gè)樣本重復(fù)3次獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)。反應(yīng)條件95℃ 10 min,之后95℃ 30 s,60℃ 30 s,45個(gè)循環(huán)(引物序列見表1)。擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)在實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀TP800(TAKARA公司)上進(jìn)行。miR-331-3p的相對(duì)定量以RNA U6為內(nèi)對(duì)照,計(jì)算公式為2-ΔΔCt。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料為正態(tài)分布的,用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。兩個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本組間表達(dá)差異使用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn),采用GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件繪制直方圖。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 RNA濃度測(cè)定
細(xì)胞及組織樣品A260/A280在1.8~2.0之間,RNA純度較高,無DNA、蛋白質(zhì)等污染。
2.2 miR-331-3p在正常肝細(xì)胞株及肝癌細(xì)胞株中的表達(dá)
miR-331-3p在3株不同侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力的人肝癌細(xì)胞株HCCLM3、MHCC97-H、HepG2中的表達(dá)量分別為0.303±0.029、0.377±0.036、1.001±0.049,顯著低于在正常肝細(xì)胞株HL-7702中的表達(dá)量1.698±0.047,各組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且隨著肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移程度的增加,其表達(dá)下調(diào)越明顯(圖1)。
圖1 各細(xì)胞株miR-331-3p的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平
與MHCC97-H細(xì)胞株比較,*P<0.05;與HepG2細(xì)胞株比較,#P<0.05;與HL-7702細(xì)胞株比較,△P<0.05
2.3 miR-331-3p在正常肝組織、癌旁組織、肝癌組織中的表達(dá)
miR-331-3p在肝癌組織的表達(dá)為0.792±0.188,顯著低于正常組織及癌旁組織(8.325±0635、1.696±0.532),各組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2)。
圖2各標(biāo)本miR-331-3p的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平
與癌旁組織比較,*P<0.05;與正常肝組織比較,#P<0.05
2.4 miR-331-3p與肝癌患者臨床病理的相關(guān)性
miR-331-3p在腫瘤多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)、低分化以及伴有靜脈浸潤(rùn)的肝癌患者組織樣本中的表達(dá)明顯低于單個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)(P=0.036)、高-中分化(P=0.035)、無靜脈浸潤(rùn)(P=0.016)的肝癌組織。miR-331-3p表達(dá)與患者的性別、年齡、AFP值、有無肝硬化、腫瘤直徑以及有無包膜無明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05)(表2)。
3 討論
肝癌是人類最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其多在肝硬化的基礎(chǔ)上形成[9],已知危險(xiǎn)因素還包括HBV和HCV感染、黃曲霉毒素B1、慢性酒精性肝病以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等眾多原因[10]。這些危險(xiǎn)因素,影響肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。
miRNA是一類廣泛存在于真核生物中的非編碼調(diào)控小RNA分子,它的主要生物學(xué)功能是對(duì)基因表達(dá)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控,進(jìn)而參與細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖、凋亡、分化等多種生物學(xué)進(jìn)程[11]。大量的證據(jù)表明,miRNA的異常表達(dá)與許多腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),其可能作為一種新型的分子靶標(biāo)在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮類似癌基因和抑癌基因的作用[12-15]。
miRNA可作為一種癌基因,下調(diào)抑癌基因的活性,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)。Song等[16]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)染miR-21的細(xì)胞侵襲細(xì)胞數(shù)目與對(duì)照組相比顯著增加,而轉(zhuǎn)染抗miR-21的細(xì)胞則顯著降低。Segura等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),高表達(dá)的miR-182有促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外轉(zhuǎn)移的潛能,而下調(diào)miR-182則可防止細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。miRNA也可作為一種抑癌基因,下調(diào)原癌基因的活性,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)。有研究表明[18],let-7通過作用于MHY9基因抑制胃癌細(xì)胞在試管內(nèi)侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。Wiggins等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-34a能抑制缺乏p53功能的腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。
miR-331-3p作為miRNA家族中一員,在多個(gè)腫瘤及生理過程中均發(fā)揮重要作用。Wang等[20]通過對(duì)90個(gè)永生化淋巴母細(xì)胞系366種miRNAs和14174mRNAs之間關(guān)聯(lián)分析研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-331-3p與細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)。Hosako等[21]在p53缺失的小鼠中發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-331-3p的表達(dá)有明顯的改變,p53的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致胚胎中的顱腦畸形,這種胚胎形態(tài)學(xué)的改變可能與miR-331-3p的異常表達(dá)有關(guān)。De Martino等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-331-3p在缺失了HMGA1蛋白的鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞中呈現(xiàn)低表達(dá),miR-331-3p受HMGA1調(diào)控,預(yù)示miR-331-3p參與了HMGA1所調(diào)控的生物途徑并發(fā)揮相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)功能。
本文體外研究結(jié)果顯示,肝癌細(xì)胞株中miR-331-3p的表達(dá)顯著低于正常肝細(xì)胞株,且隨著肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移程度的增加,其表達(dá)下調(diào)越明顯。同時(shí),臨床肝癌組織標(biāo)本的檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-331-3p在肝癌組織的表達(dá)明顯低于正常肝組織及癌旁組織,提示miR-331-3p表達(dá)下調(diào)參與了肝癌的發(fā)生,miR-331-3p在肝癌發(fā)生中可能起著負(fù)調(diào)控的作用。進(jìn)一步分析肝癌中miR-331-3p表達(dá)與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,其與肝癌患者腫瘤多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)、低分化程度以及伴有靜脈浸潤(rùn)等臨床病理特征相關(guān),提示miR-331-3p低表達(dá)可能促進(jìn)了肝癌細(xì)胞侵襲性的生物學(xué)行為。而miR-331-3p表達(dá)與性別、年齡、AFP值、有無肝硬化、腫瘤直徑以及有無包膜均無明顯相關(guān)性。
在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中miR-331-3p如何發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用,其具體機(jī)制是什么,這些還有待于后續(xù)研究。開展對(duì)miR-331-3p的功能學(xué)研究,有望進(jìn)一步闡明肝癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制,同時(shí)有望為肝癌的生物學(xué)診斷、個(gè)體化治療、預(yù)后判斷提供重要的理論依據(jù)和新的分子靶點(diǎn)。
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[11]Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism and function[J].Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.
[12]Shenouda SK,Alahari SK.MicroRNA function in cancer:oncogene or a tumor suppressor?[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2009,28(3-4):369-378.
[13]Ueda R,Kohanbash G,Sasaki K,et al.Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10746-10751.
[14]Ma L,Teruya-Feldstein J,Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer[J].Nature,2007,449(7163):682-688.
[15]Gebeshuber CA,Zatloukal K,Martinez J.miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin,which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis[J].EMBO Rep,2009,10(4):400-405.
[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,F(xiàn)edele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[2]Verslype C,Van Cutsem E,Dicato M,et al.The management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Current expert opinion and recommendations derived from the 10th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer,Barcelona,2008[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(Suppl 7):vii1-vii6.
[3]Lujambio A,Lowe SW.The microcosmos of cancer[J].Nature,2012,482(7385):347-355.
[4]Winter J,Jung S,Keller S,et al.Many roads to maturity:microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation[J].Nat Cell Biol,2009,11(3):228-234.
[5]Petri A,Lindow M,Kauppinen S.MicroRNA silencing in primates:towards development of novel therapeutics[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(2):393-395.
[6]Guo X,Guo L,Ji J,et al.miRNA-331-3p directly targets E2F1 and induces growth arrest in human gastric cancer[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,398(1):1-6.
[7]Epis MR,Giles KM,Barker A,et al.miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[J].J Biol Chem,2009,284(37):24696-24704.
[8]Zanette DL,Rivadavia F,Molfetta GA,et al.miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2007,40(11):1435-1440.
[9]Schuppan D,Afdhal NH.Liver cirrhosis[J].Lancet,2008, 371(9615):838-851.
[10]Gomaa AI,Khan SA,Toledano MB,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma:epidemiology,risk factors and pathogenesis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(27):4300-4308.
[11]Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism and function[J].Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.
[12]Shenouda SK,Alahari SK.MicroRNA function in cancer:oncogene or a tumor suppressor?[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2009,28(3-4):369-378.
[13]Ueda R,Kohanbash G,Sasaki K,et al.Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10746-10751.
[14]Ma L,Teruya-Feldstein J,Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer[J].Nature,2007,449(7163):682-688.
[15]Gebeshuber CA,Zatloukal K,Martinez J.miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin,which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis[J].EMBO Rep,2009,10(4):400-405.
[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,F(xiàn)edele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[2]Verslype C,Van Cutsem E,Dicato M,et al.The management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Current expert opinion and recommendations derived from the 10th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer,Barcelona,2008[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(Suppl 7):vii1-vii6.
[3]Lujambio A,Lowe SW.The microcosmos of cancer[J].Nature,2012,482(7385):347-355.
[4]Winter J,Jung S,Keller S,et al.Many roads to maturity:microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation[J].Nat Cell Biol,2009,11(3):228-234.
[5]Petri A,Lindow M,Kauppinen S.MicroRNA silencing in primates:towards development of novel therapeutics[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(2):393-395.
[6]Guo X,Guo L,Ji J,et al.miRNA-331-3p directly targets E2F1 and induces growth arrest in human gastric cancer[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,398(1):1-6.
[7]Epis MR,Giles KM,Barker A,et al.miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[J].J Biol Chem,2009,284(37):24696-24704.
[8]Zanette DL,Rivadavia F,Molfetta GA,et al.miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2007,40(11):1435-1440.
[9]Schuppan D,Afdhal NH.Liver cirrhosis[J].Lancet,2008, 371(9615):838-851.
[10]Gomaa AI,Khan SA,Toledano MB,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma:epidemiology,risk factors and pathogenesis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(27):4300-4308.
[11]Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism and function[J].Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.
[12]Shenouda SK,Alahari SK.MicroRNA function in cancer:oncogene or a tumor suppressor?[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2009,28(3-4):369-378.
[13]Ueda R,Kohanbash G,Sasaki K,et al.Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10746-10751.
[14]Ma L,Teruya-Feldstein J,Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer[J].Nature,2007,449(7163):682-688.
[15]Gebeshuber CA,Zatloukal K,Martinez J.miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin,which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis[J].EMBO Rep,2009,10(4):400-405.
[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,F(xiàn)edele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)