賀婕等
摘要采用一根NG1反相色譜柱作為前處理柱在線去除樣品中的水溶性有機(jī)基質(zhì), 建立了離子色譜柱切換技術(shù)同時(shí)測(cè)定Cr與Cr的方法。進(jìn)樣前,先將待測(cè)樣品水溶液與一定濃度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)溶液充分反應(yīng),使其中的Cr絡(luò)合生成陰離子產(chǎn)物,該陰離子產(chǎn)物在可見光范圍內(nèi)有較強(qiáng)吸收;進(jìn)樣后,樣品中的離子經(jīng)前處理柱分離后被收集在2 mL接收環(huán)內(nèi),通過柱切換技術(shù),淋洗液將接收環(huán)內(nèi)的離子帶至陰離子分析柱中分離,Cr與1,5二苯卡巴肼(DPC)溶液進(jìn)行衍生化反應(yīng)后與Cr的EDTA絡(luò)合物在同一波長(zhǎng)下有較強(qiáng)吸收,由此可完成對(duì)兩種離子的同波長(zhǎng)測(cè)定。
1引言
鉻元素廣泛存在于自然界中,常以Cr和Cr兩種形式存在。其中Cr是人體必需的微量元素,在正常食品補(bǔ)給劑量下無(wú)毒,但較高濃度則表現(xiàn)出細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng);Cr易穿過細(xì)胞膜被人體吸收,干擾人體內(nèi)的正常生理過程,是致癌和致突變的誘發(fā)因子,濃度大時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致死亡\[1\]。正因二者具有不同的毒副作用,建立針對(duì)不同價(jià)態(tài)鉻離子的測(cè)定方法就顯得尤為重要。
目前針對(duì)樣品中不同價(jià)態(tài)的鉻,有氧化還原法,分光光度法,原子吸收光譜法等檢測(cè)方法。比較幾種方法,利用過差減法進(jìn)行的氧化還原法原理簡(jiǎn)單且成本低,但反應(yīng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),需嚴(yán)格控制溶液酸度,防止Cr與Cr相互轉(zhuǎn)變,易使檢測(cè)結(jié)果出現(xiàn)誤差;分光光度法與原子吸收光譜法發(fā)展較快,應(yīng)用廣泛,其中分光光度法在測(cè)定Cr時(shí)存在基質(zhì)干擾,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果不準(zhǔn)確\[2~4\],而原子吸收光譜本身無(wú)法分辨Cr與Cr,需借助硅膠等介質(zhì),吸附后分別洗脫檢測(cè),操作復(fù)雜且成本較高\[5,6\]。近幾年,利用色譜高效的分離性能與幾種檢測(cè)器相結(jié)合來測(cè)定不同價(jià)態(tài)鉻的方法有了較大的進(jìn)展[7],其中離子交換色譜\[8~11\]和反相離子對(duì)色譜\[12,13\]應(yīng)用較多。
皮革是一種日常生活中經(jīng)常接觸的物質(zhì),因其鞣制過程用到鉻,而被列入了鉻含量測(cè)定的黑名單。國(guó)際上對(duì)皮革中Cr的含量有嚴(yán)格的控制,通用的測(cè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般是先將粉碎的皮革浸提,后加入DPC還原生成紫紅色配合物,用紫外可見分光光度法進(jìn)行測(cè)定。但浸提液中存在的水溶性有機(jī)物如染料,嚴(yán)重干擾了目標(biāo)離子的測(cè)定。對(duì)此,國(guó)內(nèi)外科學(xué)家已進(jìn)行大量研究,解決方法主要有毛細(xì)管電泳法預(yù)分離\[14\]、固相萃取柱除有機(jī)基質(zhì)\[15,16\]以及加入有機(jī)脫色劑處理\[17\],但這些方法均因成本高、操作復(fù)雜或檢測(cè)靈敏度低等缺點(diǎn),沒有得到廣泛應(yīng)用。本方法利用柱切換技術(shù),于分離系統(tǒng)之前增加了樣品前處理系統(tǒng),除去樣品中存在的水溶性有機(jī)基質(zhì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)樣品的在線前處理,省去繁瑣的樣品前處理過程,減少了人力消耗。與已有方法相比,本方法增加了對(duì)Cr的柱前衍生,將待測(cè)樣品水溶液與EDTA溶液充分反應(yīng),使Cr絡(luò)合生成在可見光區(qū)有強(qiáng)吸收的陰離子基團(tuán),與未絡(luò)合的Cr一并進(jìn)入陰離子色譜柱中分離,Cr在柱后衍生生成在可見光區(qū)同樣有較強(qiáng)吸收的基團(tuán),由此完成對(duì)Cr與Cr的同時(shí)檢測(cè),應(yīng)用范圍更廣,對(duì)于樣品中鉻的測(cè)定也更加完善。
2實(shí)驗(yàn)部分
2.1儀器與試劑
SHCIC離子色譜儀(中國(guó)青島盛瀚色譜技術(shù)有限公司),配有一個(gè)六通進(jìn)樣閥及100 μL定量環(huán),兩個(gè)UC3281 HPLC泵,一個(gè)柱后衍生裝置;實(shí)驗(yàn)室自制陰離子柱\[18\],Dionex IonPac NG1(35 mm ×4 mm)反相柱(美國(guó)賽默飛世爾科技有限公司);ZQH100柱切換器(中國(guó)青島盛瀚色譜技術(shù)有限公司);UV3292紫外可見檢測(cè)器(中國(guó)北京優(yōu)聯(lián)光電技術(shù)有限公司);P680高效液相色譜四源梯度泵(美國(guó)賽默飛世爾科技有限公司);JY92Ⅱ超聲細(xì)胞粉碎儀(中國(guó)寧波新芝生物科技股份有限公司);UV2550型紫外可見分光光度計(jì)(日本島津儀器公司);PHSJ5型pH酸度計(jì)(上海儀電科學(xué)儀器股份有限公司); 0.22 μm尼龍濾膜過濾頭。
重鉻酸鉀(K2Cr2O7,分析純,上海浦江化工廠);氯化鉻(CrCl3·6H2O,分析純,天津市東麗區(qū)天大化學(xué)試劑廠);乙二胺四乙酸二鈉(EDTA·2Na,分析純,北京化工廠);1,5二苯卡巴肼(DPC,分析純,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司);50% (w/w) NaOH(美國(guó)賽默飛世爾科技有限公司); Na2HPO4·12H2O(分析純,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司);濃H2SO4(衢州巨化試劑有限公司);乙腈、甲醇(色譜純,德國(guó)默克公司);實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水為18.2 MΩ·cm去離子水(美國(guó)密理博公司)。
2.2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液配制及樣品前處理
1000 mg/L Cr標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液:準(zhǔn)確稱取0.51 g CrCl3·6H2O于100 mL容量瓶中,以水溶解并定容。
1000 mg/L Cr標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液:準(zhǔn)確稱取0.28 g K2Cr2O7于100 mL容量瓶中,以水溶解并定容,即得。
稱取0.37 g EDTA溶于10 mL水中, 得100 mmol/L EDTA溶液。稱取質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為50% NaOH 0.4 g, 用去離子水稀釋至10 mL, 得0.5 mmol/L NaOH溶液。稱取0.4 g DPC于100 mL甲醇中,邊攪拌邊緩慢加入8 mL濃H2SO4,用水定容至1 L, 即得柱后衍生液。
20 mmol/L NaOH溶液:稱取質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為50 %的NaOH 1.6 g,用水定容至1 L,該淋洗液在氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)下現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用。
磷酸鹽緩沖溶液(PBS):稱取約3.58 g Na2HPO4于100 mL容量瓶中,用水溶解并定容,用H3PO4調(diào)節(jié)緩沖溶液至pH=8.0±0.1。
Cr與Cr混合標(biāo)樣:取不同體積Cr與Cr標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,用磷酸鹽緩沖溶液稀釋至5 mL,加入0.5 mL 100 mmol/L EDTA溶液與67 μL 0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液,用水定容至10 mL,反應(yīng)1 h,經(jīng)0.22 μm尼龍濾膜過濾,收集濾液待用。
樣品前處理:稱取剪碎的樣品約0.30 g,加入10 mL磷酸鹽緩沖溶液,在超聲細(xì)胞粉碎儀中超聲萃取約3 h,取5 mL溶液,加入1 mL 100 mmol/L EDTA溶液與0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液,用水定容至10 mL,反應(yīng)約1 h,經(jīng)0.22 μm尼龍濾膜過濾,收集濾液待用。
2.3實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置
整個(gè)檢測(cè)過程可分為4個(gè)步驟:(1)進(jìn)樣:注射進(jìn)樣,使閥1上固定的100 μL定量環(huán)充滿待測(cè)樣品;(2)0.0~2.5 min樣品中有機(jī)基質(zhì)的在線去除:切換閥1至Inject,當(dāng)待測(cè)樣品隨著泵1泵入的NaOH淋洗液經(jīng)過NG1前處理柱時(shí),樣品中的有機(jī)物基質(zhì)被保留在柱中,無(wú)保留作用的離子則隨著淋洗液被固定于閥2上的2 mL接收管收集;(3)2.5~20.0 min目標(biāo)離子的分析和前處理柱的再生:切換閥1至Load,閥2至Inject,接收管內(nèi)的待測(cè)離子由泵2泵入的NaOH淋洗液帶至陰離子分析柱中分離,同時(shí),前處理柱以乙腈為淋洗液,洗去柱中保留的有機(jī)物基質(zhì),進(jìn)行再生;(4)20~25.0min平衡系統(tǒng):前處理柱換NaOH為淋洗液,使前處理柱在下一次進(jìn)樣前得到平衡。最后,Cr的EDTA絡(luò)合物與經(jīng)DPC衍生的Cr在545 nm波長(zhǎng)下進(jìn)行吸光度檢測(cè),閥2切回Load。色譜儀器裝置圖如圖1所示,閥上實(shí)線所示為L(zhǎng)oad狀態(tài),而虛線為Inject狀態(tài)。
3結(jié)果與討論
3.1樣品萃取條件選擇
分別以水、pH=8的磷酸鹽緩沖溶液、20 mmol/L NaOH溶液為萃取液,提取樣品中的Cr與Cr,前處理方法同2.2節(jié)。比較3種溶液的萃取效果并參考文獻(xiàn)\[19\]可知,當(dāng)pH值過高時(shí),Cr易生成沉淀析出,故以20 mmol/L NaOH為萃取液時(shí),Cr的檢出濃度相對(duì)最小。同時(shí)參考國(guó)標(biāo)方法\[20\],皮革及織物因與皮膚接觸而產(chǎn)生危害,宜采用模擬人體汗液體系為萃取液較為合適,因此在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中將磷酸鹽緩沖溶液(pH=8.0±0.1)選為萃取液。
3.2分析檢測(cè)條件選擇
本實(shí)驗(yàn)利用柱切換技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)樣品萃取液中有機(jī)物基質(zhì)在線去除。為保證前處理柱中洗脫的離子均能被接收管收集,設(shè)計(jì)以下實(shí)驗(yàn):在未接陰離子分析柱的條件下,經(jīng)前處理柱洗脫的離子與衍生液反應(yīng)后直接進(jìn)入紫外可見檢測(cè)器檢測(cè),離子出峰保留時(shí)間在0.9~2.0 min,淋洗液流速為1 mL/min,為避免樣品離子在接收管中擴(kuò)散引起損失,閥2的切換時(shí)間為2.5 min,接收管體積為2 mL。
對(duì)Cr標(biāo)樣與EDTA衍生產(chǎn)物及Cr標(biāo)樣與DPC衍生產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行紫外可見全波長(zhǎng)掃描,確定二者同時(shí)檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)為545 nm。
優(yōu)化Cr與EDTA溶液衍生反應(yīng)條件,分別考察NaOH濃度、EDTA濃度, 以及反應(yīng)溫度和反應(yīng)時(shí)間4個(gè)影響因素。
利用分光光度法測(cè)定Cr與DPC衍生產(chǎn)物吸光度值,完成對(duì)Cr的定量方法已比較成熟\[2\] 。本實(shí)驗(yàn)考察DPC濃度及酸度對(duì)反應(yīng)影響,如圖3所示。保持H2SO4與甲醇濃度不變,配制一系列不同濃度的DPC衍生液,確定濃度為0.4 g/L時(shí),響應(yīng)較大且噪音??;考察硫酸濃度對(duì)衍生反應(yīng)的影響,在H2SO4濃度較低時(shí),衍生反應(yīng)慢,無(wú)法達(dá)到在線衍生檢測(cè)的要求,而在H2SO4濃度升至0.15 mol/L時(shí),生成衍生物速度較快且信號(hào)值相對(duì)較為穩(wěn)定,重現(xiàn)性好。
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沈 兵, 干德芬, 俞旭峰. 中國(guó)皮革, 2003, 32(21): 29-33
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20GB/T 228072008, Leather and furChemical testsDetermination of chromium Ⅵ content, National Standards of the People′s Republic of China
皮革和毛皮化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)六價(jià)鉻含量的測(cè)定, 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn), GB/T 228072008
AbstractA new analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Cr and Cr using online sample pretreatment valveswitching ion chromatography. The organic matrix in leather was removed by using a reversephase column as the pretreatment column. Before injection, EDTA was added into sample solution to react with the Cr to form anion which could absorb visible light strongly. After injection, the ions separated by the pretreatment column were received in a collection loop. Then the ions were delivered into an analytical column and separated. Cr then was derived with the derivatization reagent 1,5diphenylcarbazide (DPC), and detected together with CrEDTA complex by a UVVis detector. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of the method for Cr and Cr was 0.3-10 mg/L (r=0.9991) and 0.05-2 mg/L(r=0.9992), whereas detection limits (S/N=3) were 80.78 μg/L and 6.67 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.7%-108.5% with the relative standard deviations for retention time and peak area less than 3%. The method could be applied to determine Cr and Cr in leather and cloth effectively and quickly.
KeywordsIon chromatography; Column switching; Online pretreatment; Chromium
11Yang Y, He J, Huang Z, Zhong N, Zhu Z, Jiang R, You J, Lu X, Zhu Y, He S. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1305 (1): 171-175
12Wolf R E, Morrison J M, Goldhaber M B. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2007, 22 (9): 1051-1060
13Kuo C Y, Jiang S J, Sahayam A C. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2007, 22 (6): 636-641
14WANG BaiSong, WAN JunSheng, DING FuXin, WANG WuShang. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2006, 25(6): 56-59
王柏松, 萬(wàn)俊生, 丁富新, 王武尚. 分析測(cè)試學(xué)報(bào), 2006, 25(6): 56-59
15NIU ZengYuan, YE XiWen, WANG YingJie, WANG Yan, JIAO LiZhen, WANG JingTang. China Leather, 2006, 35(11): 35-38
牛增元, 葉曦雯, 王英杰, 王 巖, 矯麗珍, 王境堂. 中國(guó)皮革, 2006, 35(11): 35-38
16TONG ChengBao. Westleather, 2013, 35(12): 40-42
童成豹. 西部皮革, 2013, 35(12): 40-42
17SHEN Bing, GAN DeFen, YU XuFeng. China Leather, 2003, 32(21): 29-33
沈 兵, 干德芬, 俞旭峰. 中國(guó)皮革, 2003, 32(21): 29-33
18Huang Z, Zhu Z, Subhani Q, Yan W, Guo W, Zhu Y. J. Chromatogr. A, 2012, 1251: 154-159
19Woittiez R W, Lagerwaard A, Volkers K J, Tangonan M D C. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1993, 169(1): 229-237
20GB/T 228072008, Leather and furChemical testsDetermination of chromium Ⅵ content, National Standards of the People′s Republic of China
皮革和毛皮化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)六價(jià)鉻含量的測(cè)定, 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn), GB/T 228072008
AbstractA new analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Cr and Cr using online sample pretreatment valveswitching ion chromatography. The organic matrix in leather was removed by using a reversephase column as the pretreatment column. Before injection, EDTA was added into sample solution to react with the Cr to form anion which could absorb visible light strongly. After injection, the ions separated by the pretreatment column were received in a collection loop. Then the ions were delivered into an analytical column and separated. Cr then was derived with the derivatization reagent 1,5diphenylcarbazide (DPC), and detected together with CrEDTA complex by a UVVis detector. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of the method for Cr and Cr was 0.3-10 mg/L (r=0.9991) and 0.05-2 mg/L(r=0.9992), whereas detection limits (S/N=3) were 80.78 μg/L and 6.67 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.7%-108.5% with the relative standard deviations for retention time and peak area less than 3%. The method could be applied to determine Cr and Cr in leather and cloth effectively and quickly.
KeywordsIon chromatography; Column switching; Online pretreatment; Chromium
11Yang Y, He J, Huang Z, Zhong N, Zhu Z, Jiang R, You J, Lu X, Zhu Y, He S. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1305 (1): 171-175
12Wolf R E, Morrison J M, Goldhaber M B. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2007, 22 (9): 1051-1060
13Kuo C Y, Jiang S J, Sahayam A C. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2007, 22 (6): 636-641
14WANG BaiSong, WAN JunSheng, DING FuXin, WANG WuShang. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2006, 25(6): 56-59
王柏松, 萬(wàn)俊生, 丁富新, 王武尚. 分析測(cè)試學(xué)報(bào), 2006, 25(6): 56-59
15NIU ZengYuan, YE XiWen, WANG YingJie, WANG Yan, JIAO LiZhen, WANG JingTang. China Leather, 2006, 35(11): 35-38
牛增元, 葉曦雯, 王英杰, 王 巖, 矯麗珍, 王境堂. 中國(guó)皮革, 2006, 35(11): 35-38
16TONG ChengBao. Westleather, 2013, 35(12): 40-42
童成豹. 西部皮革, 2013, 35(12): 40-42
17SHEN Bing, GAN DeFen, YU XuFeng. China Leather, 2003, 32(21): 29-33
沈 兵, 干德芬, 俞旭峰. 中國(guó)皮革, 2003, 32(21): 29-33
18Huang Z, Zhu Z, Subhani Q, Yan W, Guo W, Zhu Y. J. Chromatogr. A, 2012, 1251: 154-159
19Woittiez R W, Lagerwaard A, Volkers K J, Tangonan M D C. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1993, 169(1): 229-237
20GB/T 228072008, Leather and furChemical testsDetermination of chromium Ⅵ content, National Standards of the People′s Republic of China
皮革和毛皮化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)六價(jià)鉻含量的測(cè)定, 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn), GB/T 228072008
AbstractA new analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Cr and Cr using online sample pretreatment valveswitching ion chromatography. The organic matrix in leather was removed by using a reversephase column as the pretreatment column. Before injection, EDTA was added into sample solution to react with the Cr to form anion which could absorb visible light strongly. After injection, the ions separated by the pretreatment column were received in a collection loop. Then the ions were delivered into an analytical column and separated. Cr then was derived with the derivatization reagent 1,5diphenylcarbazide (DPC), and detected together with CrEDTA complex by a UVVis detector. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of the method for Cr and Cr was 0.3-10 mg/L (r=0.9991) and 0.05-2 mg/L(r=0.9992), whereas detection limits (S/N=3) were 80.78 μg/L and 6.67 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.7%-108.5% with the relative standard deviations for retention time and peak area less than 3%. The method could be applied to determine Cr and Cr in leather and cloth effectively and quickly.
KeywordsIon chromatography; Column switching; Online pretreatment; Chromium