鄧 雯
(河南科技大學(xué) 動物科技學(xué)院,河南 洛陽 471003)
肉雞發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征
鄧 雯
(河南科技大學(xué) 動物科技學(xué)院,河南 洛陽 471003)
肉雞發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征是一種包括腸道損害等多癥狀的傳染性疾病,目前已遍布世界各地,在蛋雞、珍珠雞和火雞中均有發(fā)生,是一個嚴(yán)重威脅現(xiàn)代養(yǎng)禽業(yè)的重大問題。論文從肉雞發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征的臨床癥狀、病理變化和病原學(xué)對其進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為本病的診斷和預(yù)防提供參考。
發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征;呼腸孤病毒;星狀病毒;腸道疾??;肉雞
發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征(Runting and stunting syndrome,RSS)或傳染性生長障礙綜合征(Infection stunting syndrome,ISS)是一種主要發(fā)生于幼齡快大型肉用仔雞的疾病,目前本病已遍布世界各地,呈愈來愈嚴(yán)重的趨勢。該病最早報道見于20世紀(jì)40年代,廣泛認(rèn)知該病則在70年代[1-2]。直到1982年世界家禽科學(xué)聯(lián)合會(WPSA)英國的分會召開了傳染性生長障礙綜合征研討會,與會科學(xué)家主要來自英國、荷蘭、美國[1]。20世紀(jì)70年代末和80年代初Olsen[3]和Kouwenhoven[4]相繼報道了本病,在蛋雞、珍珠雞[5]和火雞中均有發(fā)生[6]。該病又稱直升飛機(jī)病(Helicopter disease)[4]、骨脆病(Brittle bone disease)[7]、吸收不良綜合癥(Malabsorption syndrome)[8]、雞蒼白綜合征(Pale bird syndrome)[9-10],以及矮小綜合征等(Stunting syndrome)[11-12],1986年我國江西首次發(fā)現(xiàn)本病。環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)和管理因素在本病的臨床表現(xiàn)上起重要作用,多種病毒、細(xì)菌及其他病原體與本病的發(fā)生有關(guān)。星狀病毒在本病的發(fā)生中起重要作用。單獨(dú)的家禽細(xì)小病毒能夠引起RSS的發(fā)生,在復(fù)合型腸道病原疾病中也起決定作用。腸道中的致病菌常繼發(fā)二次感染,導(dǎo)致已有的損害加重。種禽接種重組星狀病毒衣殼蛋白疫苗后,可給后代雛禽提供一定的保護(hù)。本文從肉雞發(fā)育障礙與矮小綜合征的病因、流行病學(xué)、臨床癥狀、病理變化和病原學(xué)等方面進(jìn)行了綜述,為該病的診斷和預(yù)防提供參考。
其病因錯綜復(fù)雜,環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)和管理對本病的發(fā)生起有重要作用。在病原學(xué)上涉及到許多病毒,尤其是呼腸孤病毒、輪狀病毒、腸道病毒、小圓環(huán)病毒和細(xì)小病毒、鳥腎炎病毒等已從臨床上分離出來,或通過電子顯微鏡觀察到[13-20]。早期的研究證據(jù)表明,呼腸孤病毒在本病中起有重要作用[14-19]。但近三年來的研究研究顯示,星狀病毒在本病的發(fā)生中起重要作用[2,21-22],而單獨(dú)的家禽細(xì)小病毒能夠引起RSS的發(fā)生,在復(fù)合型腸道病原疾病中細(xì)小病毒也起有決定作用[23]。此外,病雞體腸道內(nèi)常可以分離出許多細(xì)菌(如:E.coli,Proteus micabilis,Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus cohnii,Clostridium perfringes,Bacteroides fragilis and Bacillus licheniformis),導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性感染,使原發(fā)性損傷加重[24]。
有關(guān)本病的發(fā)病機(jī)理,一般認(rèn)為主要與胰腺管的阻塞和腸功能失調(diào)有關(guān)。胰腺外分泌部胰管的炎性反應(yīng)最終致胰腺細(xì)胞的空泡變性、胰腺萎縮和胰管的阻塞,而胰腺是分泌消化酶的主要腺體,當(dāng)胰腺功能損傷時,小腸內(nèi)食物的消化出現(xiàn)障礙,糞中淀粉、脂肪含量升高,胰酶含量減少[12]。胰腺管阻塞導(dǎo)致消化酶不足、消化不良,使玉米中的色素不能有效吸收,故病雞蒼白;鈣和脂溶性維生素(維生素D)不能有效吸收,故病雞表現(xiàn)為骨骼損傷[25],但骨骼病變可能主要與甲狀旁腺結(jié)構(gòu)和功能損傷有關(guān)[26],使其對機(jī)體鈣、磷代謝調(diào)控功能降低。
本病可在一定地區(qū)內(nèi)持續(xù)存在,有的雞場每批雛雞都會發(fā)病,也有的雞場周期性發(fā)生,而且其嚴(yán)重性和流行頻率,在各雞場之間也不一致。本病主要危害肉雞,對蛋雞不產(chǎn)生明顯影響。本病的發(fā)病特點(diǎn)是最早出現(xiàn)癥狀的主要是雛禽,其高度易感時間為11日齡以內(nèi)[27],死亡率高峰多出現(xiàn)在11日齡, 6~14日齡死亡率最高[1,5,27-28]。病雞的免疫防御力較差,易引起繼發(fā)感染[29],本病既能水平傳播,也能垂直感染,但垂直傳播并不普遍,垂直傳播主要是蛋被種禽飛羽的污染而引起[6,29]。健康小雞常因誤食病雞的糞便及污染的飼料和飲水,經(jīng)消化道感染發(fā)病[1,27]。低溫環(huán)境更易使該病趨于嚴(yán)重,雄性比雌性更易患本病,組織器官更易發(fā)生損傷,群體整齊度更差,死亡率更高[1,27,29]。發(fā)病后變成矮小的雞,且不會出現(xiàn)代償性生長,因此直到上市日齡時體重仍難以增加[6]。
該病無明顯季節(jié)性特征,常常隨著養(yǎng)殖條件、環(huán)境條件、雛雞抗病能力、管理等因素的好壞而表現(xiàn)不同,飼養(yǎng)管理不善、營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)不足,條件越差則病狀越重,死亡率也越高,冷應(yīng)激會加劇腸道的損傷程度和范圍[29]。一般而言,本病溫度低的比溫度高的易發(fā)??;光照弱的比光照強(qiáng)的易發(fā)病;飲水不充足的比飲水充足的易發(fā)??;大棚飼養(yǎng)的密度大、濕度大、氨氣濃度高、通風(fēng)不暢常致使雞停止生長。除環(huán)境因素外,種蛋帶毒也是造成本病發(fā)生的直接原因。種蛋的質(zhì)量、大小可直接影響本病的發(fā)生和嚴(yán)重程度。父母代種雞場及孵化場管理不善、消毒不嚴(yán)更能促進(jìn)本病的傳播和流行。由于糞便能夠傳播本病,因此當(dāng)有本病發(fā)生時,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時清除糞便消毒,如果不能夠?qū)⒓S便及時運(yùn)出,應(yīng)當(dāng)在100 ℉溫度下堆肥,減少通過糞便傳染下一批雛雞的機(jī)會[1]。
本病主要的典型特征為:病雞表現(xiàn)為明顯的生長遲緩、體格大小不均,以及羽毛發(fā)育障礙,腺胃炎癥和腫大;小腸內(nèi)容物不消化,盲腸內(nèi)容物多泡沫、有惡臭;胰腺有炎癥或纖維變性;心臟出現(xiàn)心肌炎;骨骼可同時表現(xiàn)出發(fā)育不全、軟骨發(fā)育不良、股骨壞死等及腿軟弱或瘸腿等[6,12-13,26-27,29]。其臨床表現(xiàn)可能多與營養(yǎng)的消化吸收差有關(guān)[29]。最早在3日齡,更多在6~12日齡甚至到3周齡才能能夠觀察到的明顯臨床癥狀,典型變化是較小個體的雞只數(shù)量不斷增多,而且雞的泄殖腔常粘結(jié)有糞便及排泄條狀糞便[27,30],通常情況下病雞皮膚色素減少[9]。Ighodalo[31]研究了兩個農(nóng)場感染本病雞的發(fā)育狀況,結(jié)果顯示兩個農(nóng)場不同周齡的病雞體重差異較大,約為5%~40%。也有報道稱,4周齡患病雞的體重往往只有正常雞的50%,甚至達(dá)到60%~80%[29]。但有時感染本病的雞絕大部分體格并無變化,但其腹部則趨向于膨脹,因腸道的膨脹擠壓下腹部使其出現(xiàn)腸道輪廓線條[6],火雞和肉雞在臨床上具有相似的癥狀[29,32-33]。本病典型的表現(xiàn)為兩周齡易感,以消化吸收系統(tǒng)損害為主,小腸和胰腺是最常侵害的靶器官,當(dāng)胰腺嚴(yán)重受損時影響脂肪的消化吸收,導(dǎo)致脂溶性維生素A、E、D3和K等缺乏[1,12,25,29],血漿堿性活性升高,類胡蘿卜素含量減少,煙酸、VB1和VB2不足[29]。一般表現(xiàn)為腹瀉、緊張不安、采食少、飲水增加[1,6,27,29,34],生長發(fā)育嚴(yán)重受阻,1周齡病雛體格明顯小于健康雞,3~4 周齡時尤為明顯(圖1a)[12];3 周齡以上病雞表現(xiàn)站立無力,腿發(fā)軟或瘸腿,走路搖晃;嘴、腳和肉髯蒼白褪色,皮膚也表現(xiàn)蒼白[6,12]。發(fā)病初期,雞群狂燥不安,來回奔跑,雞只采食方式與正常時正好相反,專挑粉料吃,并且喜歡追食蒼蠅。數(shù)日后雞群出現(xiàn)大面積的縮頭垂尾、呆立閉目、日漸消瘦等癥狀,排飼料便或細(xì)條樣軟便[27,30]。急性病例啄食糞便、腹瀉、排出黃褐色粘液性稀糞,腹部脹滿、腹圍大,可出現(xiàn)急性死亡,多數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為慢性,羽毛粗亂、無光澤,頸部常留有未褪的絨毛、毛稀少不齊,嘴、腳褪色,冠和皮膚蒼白,少數(shù)病雞出現(xiàn)斷裂羽(圖1b)[12],腿軟弱無力(圖1c)[35]。
尸檢表明,無論是在雞場飼養(yǎng)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室條件下發(fā)病的雞均發(fā)現(xiàn)腺胃腫脹與損傷(圖2a)[12],胃粘膜糜爛或潰瘍[5,7,9,29,31],腺泡空泡病變并伴有固有層炎性細(xì)胞浸潤和滲出(圖2c)[12],腺胃炎并不是在RSS病禽中都能觀察到[12]。小腸有明顯的分泌增強(qiáng)信號,約有2%的病雞小腸呈玻璃樣透明狀(圖2a、圖2b)[12],主要病變?yōu)槟c炎,嚴(yán)重病例腸道變短、腸絨毛增寬變短呈杵指狀、腸腺嚴(yán)重空泡變性(圖2d)[12]或多囊性病變(圖3a、圖3b)[26-27],絨毛-隱窩比率減小以及嚴(yán)重的小腸表面上皮細(xì)胞損傷,部分腸上皮細(xì)胞脫落(圖3b)[27],回腸固有層有較多皺縮的巨噬細(xì)胞滲出(圖3c)[29],進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致消化過程機(jī)能障礙和營養(yǎng)吸收不足,出現(xiàn)多系統(tǒng)損傷及生長發(fā)育不良[12-13,23,30]。蒼白的小腸因氣體的集聚膨脹,腸壁薄、脆、透明[28-29],有出血性和卡他性炎癥,腸道內(nèi)充盈未消化食糜和大量液體 (圖4a)[27],盲腸充滿黃色帶有泡沫樣的液體內(nèi)容物 (圖4b)[27];空腸李氏隱窩腸細(xì)胞由立方變?yōu)橹鶢?,固有層水腫、細(xì)胞質(zhì)增多、含有較多的成纖維樣細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞(圖5)[29]。腸道的損傷,導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)的抑制,更有利于病毒和細(xì)菌的感染,進(jìn)而造成更為嚴(yán)重的損傷[12]。
圖1 病雞與健康雞比較[12,35]
圖2 腺胃和小腸病變[12]a.腺胃腫脹(大箭頭)、小腸脹氣腸壁玻璃樣透明狀(小箭頭);b.小腸腸道膨脹、腸壁變薄呈玻璃樣透明狀態(tài)(箭頭);c.腺胃腺泡空泡病變(大箭頭)和固有層炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(小箭頭);d.腸腺嚴(yán)重囊性空泡病變(箭頭)Fig.2 The pathological changes of proventriculus and intestinea.the naturally occurring infection showing enlargement (big arrow),and thin and glassy intestine (small arrow);b.stunted chicken with thin and distended intestines (arrow);c.dilation of glandular acini (big arrows) with lymphocytic infiltration of the proventriculus (small arrow) from a stunted chicken; d.very severe cystic dilatation of the crypts of Leiberkuhn(arrow)
圖3 腸絨毛及固有層腸腺病變[26-27,29]a.病雞絨毛變寬呈杵指狀,典型的顯微損害為腸腺多囊性病變或腸炎;b.腸腺多囊性病變、部分腸絨毛上皮細(xì)胞脫落(箭頭);c.回腸固有層水腫,含有較多滲出的皺縮巨噬細(xì)胞(箭頭)Fig.3 The pathological changes of villiintestinales and intestinal glands in the lamina propriaa.stunted chicken showing blunted villi and hehallmark microscopic lesion,being Multicystic enteropathy or enteritis;b.cystic dilatation of the crypts of Leiberkuhn and desquamation of a proportion of the epithelial cells (arrow); c.stunted chicken showing separation of the elements of the lamina propria (oedema),and infiltration by macrophages,and many of which are pyknotic (arrows)
圖4 腸內(nèi)容物狀態(tài)[27]a.小腸內(nèi)有大量液體和未消化的食物;b.盲腸內(nèi)有泡沫樣液體Fig.4 Details of the intestinal contenta.an abundant fluid and poorly digested feed seen in the intestinal lumen;b.gas-filled ceca seen in an affected broilers
圖5 空腸腸腺結(jié)構(gòu)病變[29]
在本病爆發(fā)情況下,常見到胰臟的損害,這種損傷更多局限與外分泌部的組織細(xì)胞,最早期的變化為細(xì)胞的正常染色特性缺失,胰酶原顆粒部分或完全消失,核周細(xì)胞質(zhì)嗜堿細(xì)胞缺乏,細(xì)胞空泡化形成,細(xì)胞質(zhì)皺縮。盡管組織學(xué)損傷在8日齡時可能已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),但嚴(yán)重的損害往往直到2~3周齡才會出現(xiàn)。首先的變化是在正常的胰腺管周圍,尤其是接近十二指腸端胰腺管的炎癥[6,12]。受影響的胰腺會迅速的變小、變蒼白、質(zhì)地變硬,這種蒼白在取出的胰腺放入福爾馬林鹽溶液中24小時更易觀察到[6],胰腺管上皮細(xì)胞由立方變形為扁平形、腺泡腔擴(kuò)大(圖6a)[29],胰腺管和膽管內(nèi)壁上皮細(xì)胞上有較多的粘多糖類物質(zhì)(圖6b)[29],而且胰腺空泡樣變(圖7a)[12],酶原顆粒消失[12,29]。胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)萎縮狀態(tài)后,間質(zhì)組織漸次為纖維增生取代[6,12]。由于胰腺是消化酶的主要來源,隨之而來則是腸道內(nèi)容物的難以消化[14]。肝臟一般較小,但膽囊擴(kuò)張[30]。胸腺嚴(yán)重萎縮,法氏囊變小、水腫、淋巴細(xì)胞耗竭,上皮細(xì)胞囊性擴(kuò)張(圖7b)[12],細(xì)胞免疫功能受到嚴(yán)重影響[6,12-13,29,34]。
圖6 胰腺管和膽管病變[29]
本病爆發(fā)時,骨骼異常十分常見,但一般不會出現(xiàn)佝僂病癥狀[6]。病雞骨骼發(fā)育障礙可能源于甲狀旁腺病變導(dǎo)致機(jī)體Ca、P利用失衡,使軟骨成骨作用降低[4,26,36]。甲狀旁腺出現(xiàn)骨軟癥跡象,腺體上皮細(xì)胞有空泡形成或可見有囊性腫脹,囊腔可見滲出物,繼而發(fā)生萎縮,而健康雞的甲狀旁腺細(xì)胞排列緊密(圖8)[26]。病雞在 3 周齡時即出現(xiàn)軟骨病樣改變,但到 4 周齡才能觀察到顯著的軟骨發(fā)育不良,其血漿中Ca、P、Na、K、Cl的含量正常,堿性磷酸酶(ALP)活性升高[4,29,36]。長骨柔軟、肋骨骨質(zhì)蔬松,髖關(guān)節(jié)、股骨頭可能斷裂或壞死,軟骨發(fā)育不良骨端變寬(圖9)[26],健康雞脛骨骨骺近端成骨層骨小梁窄狹而形態(tài)正常,病雞骨小梁變寬呈不規(guī)則形狀,軟骨區(qū)域內(nèi)的軟骨細(xì)胞變小或溶解(圖10)[26]。
本病爆發(fā)與消失均較突然,造成控制本病的措施比較困難。清潔和消毒在一定程度上能夠控制本病[15],但更重要的是要做到早期預(yù)防。爆發(fā)本病的區(qū)域發(fā)生嚴(yán)重死亡時,多與細(xì)菌感染和免疫應(yīng)答缺乏相關(guān)[12]。一旦出現(xiàn)本病爆發(fā),可用食醋或酸化劑飲水,能夠減少本病的傳播[1]。
圖7胰腺和法氏囊空泡或囊性病變[12]
a.胰腺細(xì)胞空泡樣病變(箭頭),腺泡官腔擴(kuò)張;b.法氏囊萎縮、水腫、淋巴細(xì)胞耗竭,濾泡上皮細(xì)胞囊性擴(kuò)張
Fig.7 The pathological changes in pancreas and bursa Fabricius
a.Degeneration,vacuolation (arrows) and dilation of the acinar lumens of the pancreas; b.The bursa of Fabricius of the stunted chicken was atrophied,edematous,with depletion of lymphocyte depletion,bursal edema,and cystic dilatation of the bursal follicle epithelium
圖8 甲狀旁腺組織結(jié)構(gòu)[26]a.健康雞甲狀旁腺組織結(jié)構(gòu)排列緊密;b.病雞甲狀旁腺組織腺體細(xì)胞空泡樣變(箭頭),細(xì)胞間結(jié)締組織纖維增生;c.甲狀旁腺腺泡腔充滿有滲出物(囊性腫脹),繼而發(fā)生腺組織萎縮
預(yù)防主要包括三個環(huán)節(jié):生物安全、良好的禽舍管理及預(yù)防接種[1]。生物安全措施主要應(yīng)注意盡量降低本病爆發(fā)或傳播機(jī)會,更為重要的是嚴(yán)格控制農(nóng)場的訪問人員,完全徹底、正確地處理病死禽只,最大限度的減少嚙齒類、昆蟲和野鳥的傳染機(jī)會。補(bǔ)充維生素和礦物質(zhì)也可提高家禽的免疫保力。2010年Holly Sellers等將雛雞飼養(yǎng)于地板上分布有RSS病雞糞便的房子內(nèi),完全復(fù)制了本病模型,經(jīng)RT-PCR對腸內(nèi)容物的分析顯示,感染的是無囊膜病毒(火雞星狀病毒),并發(fā)現(xiàn)重組的星狀病毒的衣殼蛋白能夠?yàn)榉N禽及其子代提供一定的保護(hù)力,重組的星狀病毒的衣殼蛋白之所以僅提供部分的保護(hù)力,課題成員認(rèn)為可能與腸道中存在的其他致病因子有關(guān)[2]。
圖9腿軟弱雞的骨端軟骨變寬[26](左為正常雞股骨,右三個為病雞股骨)M
Fig.9 The tibia of chickens with leg weakness (the three bones on the right show widening of the epiphyseal cartilage (arrows) and defective resorption as compared to the healthy control (left))
圖10脛骨近端骨骺組織結(jié)構(gòu)
a.健康雞脛骨骨骺近端成骨層骨小梁窄狹而形態(tài)正常;b.病雞骨小梁變寬呈不規(guī)則形狀;c.軟骨區(qū)域內(nèi)的軟骨細(xì)胞變小或溶解(箭頭)
Fig.10 Detail of the proximal epiphysis of the tibia of stunted chickena.Detail of the proximal epiphysis of the tibia of a healthy (control) chicken.The cartilage trabeculae in the so-called ossification layer are narrow and of normal shape; b.The cartilage trabeculae in the so-called ossification layer are widened and of irregular shape; C.Morphological signs of degeneration (arrows) (shrinking or lysis of the chondrocytes) can be observed in circumscribed areas of the cartilaginous.
本病現(xiàn)已有相應(yīng)的疫苗可以預(yù)防接種,雖然疫苗的有效保護(hù)率僅有50%左右,但持續(xù)合理的免疫程序可以為種禽提供較好的防護(hù),同時減少向幼雛或青年家禽的傳播,種禽的免疫力可以傳遞給小雞,有助于幼雛對本病的防御[1,37]。
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RuntingandStuntingSyndromeinBroilers
DENG Wen
(CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology,HenanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Luoyang,Henan471003,China)
Runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) in broilers is a multi-symptomatic disease that includes lesions in the intestinal tract which is transmissible to healthy chickens.It is now thought to have a worldwide distribution that has also been reported in layer strains of domestic fowl,guinea fowl,and turkeys.RSS in chickens is an important problem threatening the poultry industry especially in the broiler production.The paper reviewed clinical signs,pathological changes and aetiology of RSS,aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis and prevention of RSS.
runting and stunting syndrome; reoviruses; astroviruses; enteric disease;broilers
2013-08-22,
2013-09-09
河南科技大學(xué)人才基金(05-087)
鄧 雯(1964-),男,河南民權(quán)人,碩士,教授,研究方向:動物生理學(xué)。E-mail: wen.dkj@163.com
S811.6
A
1005-5228(2014)01-0078-07