高超 王霞 李立紅 周秀彥
【摘要】 目的:評(píng)估PNPLA3 I148M基因多態(tài)性與原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)相關(guān)性,并探討其機(jī)制。方法:本研究納入HCC患者67例和健康對(duì)照組69例,對(duì)照組無(wú)肝癌家族史及肝病病史。通過(guò)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)及基因測(cè)序法檢測(cè)PNPLA3 rs738409基因表型,通過(guò)Hardy-weinbeurg遺傳平衡定律分析HCC組與對(duì)照組各基因型是否具有群體代表。通過(guò) 字2檢驗(yàn)分析HCC組rs738409各基因型的頻率分布有無(wú)差異。結(jié)果:對(duì)HCC組及對(duì)照組經(jīng)吻合度檢驗(yàn),各組基因多態(tài)性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡法則(P>0.05)。HCC組與對(duì)照組148 GG、148 CG、148 CC基因型頻率分布差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( 字2=6.30,P<0.05)。結(jié)論:rs738409基因表型與原發(fā)性肝癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有相關(guān)性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 PNPLA3; 基因測(cè)序; 原發(fā)性肝癌
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the relationship between PNPLA3 I148M gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discuss its pathogenesis.Method:67 patients with HCC and 69 cases of healthy control were selected as the subjects. The healthy control subjects had no family history of liver cancer and liver disease history. The sequence fragments of PNPLA3 rs738409 gene polymorphism in all cases were detected by utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing orderly. Whether each genotype of the HCC group and the control group had group representation or not was based on Hardy-weinbeurg genetic equilibrium analysis. The genotype frequencies in cases and controls were compared by Chi-square test.Result:The HCC group and the control group were conformed with Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) balance (P>0.05). The 148 GG, 148 CG, 148 CC genotype frequency distribution had differences between the HCC group and the control group ( 字2=6.30,P<0.05).Conclusion:The rs738409 genetic phenotypes is obviously associated with primary liver cancer risk.
【Key words】 PNPLA3; Gene sequencing technology; Hepatocellular carcinoma
First-authors address:The Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030002,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.18.004
肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)是最常見(jiàn)的肝臟惡性疾病,與乙肝和丙肝病毒、酒精、肥胖及罕見(jiàn)的遺傳性肝臟疾病相關(guān)。環(huán)境毒素、糖尿病和家族史也是不可忽視的因素,此外國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究證實(shí)遺傳變異與肝癌易感性密切相關(guān)[1-2]。特別是編碼patatin樣磷脂酶域3(PNPLA3)148M蛋白的基因rs738409與原發(fā)性肝癌的關(guān)系逐漸引起大家的關(guān)注。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年5月-2013年10月山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科、腫瘤科病房原發(fā)性肝癌(HCC)患者67例為HCC組,其中男62例,女5例,年齡43~78歲,平均(59.1±8.8)歲,有至少兩種影像學(xué)確診或經(jīng)病理學(xué)確診,符合《原發(fā)性肝癌診療規(guī)范(2011年版)》的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]。對(duì)照組為2012年6月-2013年11月隨機(jī)招募的無(wú)肝癌家族史及肝病病史的健康志愿者69例,其中男62例,女7例,年齡45~75歲,平均(58.2±7.8)歲。兩組研究對(duì)象的年齡、性別比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法 采取靜脈血5 mL,使用DNA提取試劑盒(上海生工SK1261)提取全血DNA,引物序列rs738409-F:5'GAACCAGCCAGTTTACCTTACA 3';rs738409-R:5'GTTAGTTCCCCGTTCTTTTGA3'。使用DNA Polymerase 高溫聚合酶(上海生工SC0014)、10×PCR Buffer、MgCl2(25 mM)、dNTP(10 mM)、Marker、6×DNA Loading Dye(上海生工)進(jìn)行目的基因的擴(kuò)增,使用PCR反應(yīng)擴(kuò)增儀(加拿大BBI公司);擴(kuò)增片段長(zhǎng)度為464 bp。擴(kuò)增條件:95 ℃預(yù)變性5 min,94 ℃變性30 s,57 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,72 ℃修復(fù)延伸1 min。使用3PRISM3730測(cè)序列分析儀(美國(guó)ABI公司)檢測(cè)PNPLA3 rs738409基因表型。endprint
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)健康對(duì)照組、HCC組rs738409各基因型的頻率,并算出其等位基因的頻率,各數(shù)據(jù)用百分?jǐn)?shù)表示。通過(guò)Hardy-weinbeurg遺傳平衡定律分析HCC組與對(duì)照組各基因型是否具有群體代表。兩組rs738409基因型分布采用 字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基因多態(tài)性分布情況 兩組經(jīng)吻合度檢驗(yàn),得出其多態(tài)性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡法則(P>0.05)。
2.2 PNPLA3基因rs738409 G/C多態(tài)性與原發(fā)性肝癌相關(guān)性的分析 經(jīng)PCR擴(kuò)增后的1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)圖像見(jiàn)圖1。測(cè)序可得到148CC、148GC、148GG 3種基因型,見(jiàn)圖2。HCC組與對(duì)照組148GG、148CG、148CC基因型頻率分布比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( 字2=6.30,P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
3 討論
HCC是指發(fā)生于肝臟的惡性腫瘤,其死亡率在消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤中位列第3位。我國(guó)每年約有11萬(wàn)人死于肝癌,已成為嚴(yán)重威脅我國(guó)居民健康的疾病之一[3-4]。因此HCC的早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療已經(jīng)成為臨床研究的熱點(diǎn)。且HCC患者在北美地區(qū)開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)年輕化趨勢(shì),除了密切關(guān)注肥胖、代謝綜合征等高危因素,遺傳易感基因是不容忽視的重要因素[3]。隨著遺傳因素在HCC發(fā)病過(guò)程中所起的作用逐漸被大家認(rèn)可,越來(lái)越多的HCC高危基因成為研究熱點(diǎn),但多數(shù)未經(jīng)大樣本病例對(duì)照研究所證實(shí)。隨著DNA單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)在復(fù)雜疾病中的作用的逐漸被研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使其成為HCC基因?qū)W研究的新熱點(diǎn)。其中PNPLA3 rs738409GG型與HCC發(fā)病的相關(guān)性在國(guó)外已經(jīng)過(guò)大樣本病例對(duì)照研究所證實(shí)[5-6]。
PNPLA3屬于patatin樣磷脂酶家族,其編碼基因位于22號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂1區(qū)3帶3亞帶1次亞帶(22ql3.31),編碼一個(gè)功能未知的非分泌性蛋白,該蛋白由481個(gè)氨基酸組成,又稱之為脂肪滋養(yǎng)蛋白,這類蛋白具有非特異的?;饷傅幕钚訹7]。PNPLA3有一段高度保守的水解序列(Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly),PNPLA3的活性中心絲氨酸(Ser47)主要位于該段序列中。絲氨酸與天冬氨酸(Aspl66)結(jié)合,兩者的結(jié)合部位位于由異亮氨酸(nel48)等若干個(gè)疏水殘基側(cè)鏈形成的底物結(jié)合凹槽的邊緣上。該二元體(Ser-Asp)是patatins發(fā)揮催化作用重要部位[8]。
目前有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PNPLA3編碼一個(gè)在肝細(xì)胞膜上顯著表達(dá)的跨膜蛋白具有調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)代謝、炎癥介質(zhì)等作用。當(dāng)其編碼基因rs738409發(fā)生G和C的錯(cuò)譯時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致其編碼的蛋白質(zhì)在148位上出現(xiàn)蛋氨酸代替異亮氨酸。進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致其功能發(fā)生變化[6,9]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因與肝臟炎癥、肝纖維化進(jìn)展相關(guān),但具體機(jī)制還不清楚。PNPLA3導(dǎo)致肝癌的機(jī)制尚不明確,然而,PNPLA3與非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)、酒精性肝?。ˋLD)的發(fā)病及進(jìn)展關(guān)系密切,而酒精和非酒精脂肪肝疾病都有肝臟的脂肪變性,脂肪變性可以通過(guò)脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)和或細(xì)胞因子激活引起肝細(xì)胞的炎癥,進(jìn)而發(fā)生纖維化這一相似的病理特征[10]。這表明它可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)代謝、炎癥介質(zhì)等直接導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞癌變[4,11-15]。但是否有其他途徑直接致癌途徑尚不清楚。國(guó)外研究已證實(shí)該基因多態(tài)性對(duì)HCC的影響?yīng)毩⒂谄淅w維化的影響[11-13,16-17],這進(jìn)一步表明它可能通過(guò)其他未知途徑直接導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞癌變。但其致癌作用是否獨(dú)立于肝硬化仍存在爭(zhēng)議[12,14,18]。此外,國(guó)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PNPLA3與HCC的淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移、血管侵犯、癌細(xì)胞分化程度等他肝細(xì)胞癌預(yù)后指標(biāo)相關(guān)。rs738409GG型的患者癌細(xì)胞分化程度明顯比rs738409CC型更差,更容易出現(xiàn)癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,因此預(yù)后更差[5]。但鑒于HCC預(yù)后受多種因素影響,評(píng)估具有復(fù)雜性,目前尚缺乏多中心的大樣本病例對(duì)照研究證實(shí),且具體機(jī)制尚不清楚,因此仍需進(jìn)一步研究以證實(shí)。
筆者通過(guò)Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡檢測(cè),驗(yàn)證了兩組PNPLA3 rs738409基因多態(tài)性均具有群體代表性。通過(guò)基因測(cè)序檢測(cè)證實(shí)rs738409分為GG、GC、CC三型。通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC組的rs738409 GG型分布明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,說(shuō)明PNPLA3 rs738409基因多態(tài)性與HCC發(fā)病有密切相關(guān)性。rs738409GG可能是HCC發(fā)病的高危因素之一。該結(jié)果與國(guó)外的研究結(jié)果一致,說(shuō)明該基因不僅是歐美人群HCC的高?;?,也可能是我國(guó)人群中HCC發(fā)病的高?;颉S捎诒敬窝袠颖玖啃?,抽樣誤差可能較大。因此針對(duì)該基因的國(guó)內(nèi)多中心大樣本的病例對(duì)照研究是必要的。此外PNPLA3在HCC發(fā)病中的作用機(jī)制仍不清楚,因此進(jìn)一步的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)及體外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究是非常重要的。它可能有助于揭示HCC發(fā)病的新機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)HCC新的治療方法。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)PNPLA3基因多態(tài)性的研究多停留在與NAFLD、ALD、肝纖維化之間相關(guān)性的研究,鮮有該基因多態(tài)性與HCC之間的研究,因此進(jìn)一步研究與探討PNPAL3基因在HCC中的作用及機(jī)制是非常必要的。隨著分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展其機(jī)制會(huì)進(jìn)一步明確,這將有助于篩選HCC高危人群或易感個(gè)體,并為個(gè)性化的癌癥治療提供依據(jù)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] European Association for the Study of the Liver European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer.EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2012,48(5):599-641.endprint
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[8] Jenkins C M,Mancuso D J,Yan W,et al.Identification, cloning.expression and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 familymembers possessing 29 triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities[J].Biol Chem,2004,279(47):48 968-48 975.
[9] He S, McPhaul C,Li J Z,et al.A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis C[J].Biol Chem,2010,28(5):706-715.
[10] Reddy J K,Rao M S.Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation Ⅱ, fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation[J].J Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006, 29(10):852-858.
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[12] Nischalke H D,Berger C,Luda C,et al.The PNPLA3 rs738409 148M/M genotype is a risk factor for liver cancer in alcoholic cirrhosis but shows no or weak association in hepatitis C cirrhosis[J].PLos One,2011,7(10):270-287.
[13] Burza M A,Pirazzi C,Maglio C,et al.PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in obese individuals[J].Dig Liver Dis,2012,44(12):1037-1041.
[14] Guyot E,Sutton A,Rufat P,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409, hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and risk model prediction in patients with cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2013,2(58):312-318.
[15] Takeuchi Y,Ikeda F,Moritou Y,et al.The impact of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,3(48):405-412.
[16] Falleti E,F(xiàn)abris C,Cmet S,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409C/G polymorphism in cirrhosis: relationship with the aetiology of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence[J].J Liver Int,2011,8(31):1137-1143.
[17] Valenti L,Colombo M,F(xiàn)argion S.NPLA3 genotype and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Hepatology,2012,3(53):791-799.
[18] Corradini S G,Burza M A,Molinaro A,et al.Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 sequence variant and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatology,2011,5(53):1776-1787.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
[2] Nahon P,Zucman-Rossi J.Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):663-674.
[3]中華人民共和國(guó)衛(wèi)生部.原發(fā)性肝癌診療規(guī)范(2011年版)[J].臨床腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2011,16(10):929-946.
[4] Valenti L.PNPLA3 Ile148Met variant and hepatocellular carcinoma: a matter of fat[J].J Dig Liver Dis,2013,44(5):974-975.
[5] Valenti L,Motta B M,Soardo G,et al.PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism, clinical presentation, and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Plos One,2013,8(10):982-992.
[6] Hassan M M,Kaseb A,Etzel C J,et al.Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene and hepatocellular carcinoma in USA: risk and prognosis prediction[J].Molecular Carcinogenesis,2013,52(1):139-147.
[7] Zimmermann R,Strauss J G,Haemmerle G,et al.Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase[J].Science,2004,306(5700):1383-1396.
[8] Jenkins C M,Mancuso D J,Yan W,et al.Identification, cloning.expression and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 familymembers possessing 29 triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities[J].Biol Chem,2004,279(47):48 968-48 975.
[9] He S, McPhaul C,Li J Z,et al.A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis C[J].Biol Chem,2010,28(5):706-715.
[10] Reddy J K,Rao M S.Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation Ⅱ, fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation[J].J Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006, 29(10):852-858.
[11] Trepo E,Guyot E,Ganne-Carrie N, et al.PNPLA3(rs738409 C.G) is a common risk variant associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis[J].J Hepatology,2012,5(5):1307-1308.
[12] Nischalke H D,Berger C,Luda C,et al.The PNPLA3 rs738409 148M/M genotype is a risk factor for liver cancer in alcoholic cirrhosis but shows no or weak association in hepatitis C cirrhosis[J].PLos One,2011,7(10):270-287.
[13] Burza M A,Pirazzi C,Maglio C,et al.PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in obese individuals[J].Dig Liver Dis,2012,44(12):1037-1041.
[14] Guyot E,Sutton A,Rufat P,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409, hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and risk model prediction in patients with cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2013,2(58):312-318.
[15] Takeuchi Y,Ikeda F,Moritou Y,et al.The impact of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,3(48):405-412.
[16] Falleti E,F(xiàn)abris C,Cmet S,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409C/G polymorphism in cirrhosis: relationship with the aetiology of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence[J].J Liver Int,2011,8(31):1137-1143.
[17] Valenti L,Colombo M,F(xiàn)argion S.NPLA3 genotype and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Hepatology,2012,3(53):791-799.
[18] Corradini S G,Burza M A,Molinaro A,et al.Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 sequence variant and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatology,2011,5(53):1776-1787.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
[2] Nahon P,Zucman-Rossi J.Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):663-674.
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