郭 曉,葛兮源,王衣祥,傅 嘉,李盛林,3
epiregulin在涎腺腺樣囊性癌組織中的表達(dá)及其與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
郭 曉1,2,葛兮源1,3,王衣祥1,3,傅 嘉1,3,李盛林1,2,3
目的探討表皮生長(zhǎng)因子epiregulin在涎腺腺樣囊性癌(salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma,SACC)肺轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用。方法SACC石蠟組織標(biāo)本30例。通過免疫組織化學(xué)方法(SP方法)檢測(cè)epiregulin 在SACC石蠟組織標(biāo)本中的表達(dá),并分析其與臨床病理特征之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果(1)Epiregulin廣泛地表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì)或細(xì)胞核。(2)SACC發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移15例,陽性著色率86.7%(13/15),H-score(Hs)定量分析平均為1.26±0.65;未發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移15例,陽性著色率33.3%(5/15),Hs為0.48±0.25。與Ⅰ+Ⅱ期相比,epiregulin在SACC Ⅲ+Ⅳ期表達(dá)顯著升高。(3)Kaplan-Miere 生存曲線分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)epiregulin的表達(dá)與SACC患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。結(jié)論Epiregulin的表達(dá)與涎腺腺樣囊性癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移有一定相關(guān)性,但仍需要大樣本研究進(jìn)一步證明。
涎腺腺樣囊性癌;肺轉(zhuǎn)移;表皮調(diào)節(jié)素
涎腺腺樣囊性癌(salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma, SACC)是發(fā)生在大小唾液腺中最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在所有唾液腺惡性腫瘤中占22%~24%[1-3]。其生物學(xué)行為特殊,嗜神經(jīng)侵襲性強(qiáng),易發(fā)生血行轉(zhuǎn)移,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率可高達(dá)40%[4, 5],肺是最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移部位。盡管SACC短期預(yù)后好,但其遠(yuǎn)期生存率較差。遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是主要死亡原因之一。epiregulin是表皮生長(zhǎng)因子家族的成員之一。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),epiregulin在一些類型的腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),如大腸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌和人口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[6-14]。前期affymetrix U133人類基因芯片的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與SACC低肺轉(zhuǎn)移潛能細(xì)胞系SACC-83細(xì)胞相比,epiregulin的mRNA表達(dá)水平在高肺轉(zhuǎn)移潛能細(xì)胞系SACC-LM細(xì)胞中上調(diào)了4.55倍[15]。 此外,外源性的epiregulin可以促進(jìn)SACC-83細(xì)胞的體外遷移和侵襲能力[15]。但是,epiregulin在涎腺腺樣囊性癌組織中的表達(dá)及其與肺轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系還不清楚。本研究旨在探討epiregulin的表達(dá)與SACC肺轉(zhuǎn)移及其他臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。
1.1 病例及組織標(biāo)本 選取2001-01至2003-12在北京大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)院頜面外科就診并診斷為SACC 30例,男12例,女18例。隨訪結(jié)束于2013-05-04,之后對(duì)臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性整理和分析。發(fā)病年齡17~70歲,中位年齡40.75歲,平均隨訪期限102.9個(gè)月。由高年資病理醫(yī)師按照國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(UICC)的TNM方法(2002版本)對(duì)患者的病理診斷進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。X線片檢查明確是否發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移。在本研究設(shè)立的隨訪時(shí)限內(nèi),若觀察到肺轉(zhuǎn)移,則定義為肺轉(zhuǎn)移組(15例);若未觀察到肺轉(zhuǎn)移,則定義為未轉(zhuǎn)移組(15例)。
1.2 免疫組織化學(xué)及半定量評(píng)估 組織切片(4 μm 厚)在二甲苯中脫蠟,75%乙醇中水化。切片在0.01 M檸檬酸鹽緩沖液(pH 6.0)中進(jìn)行抗原熱修復(fù),3%過氧化氫處理去除內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶活性,孵育10%胎牛血清阻止非特異性結(jié)合。組織切片PBS漂洗,加epiregulin (1∶200, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) 一抗4 ℃孵育過夜,IgG為對(duì)照。隨后孵育生物素標(biāo)記后的二抗(中衫金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司,北京)。蘇木精復(fù)染,二氨基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)鏡下顯色。通過H-score(Hs)對(duì)染色強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行半定量分析,Hs=∑(Pi×i)/100, Pi是著色細(xì)胞的百分比(胞核或胞質(zhì)),i是著色強(qiáng)度 (0、1、2或3)。評(píng)分選取40×高倍鏡下隨機(jī)3個(gè)視野,由兩個(gè)評(píng)分人獨(dú)立評(píng)分。設(shè)置Hs=0.5為臨界點(diǎn)[16],將epiregulin的半定量表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換成二分類變量,即低表達(dá)組(Hs≤0.5)及高表達(dá)組(Hs>0.5),比較兩組的預(yù)后。
2.1 epiregulin的表達(dá) 30例中,有18例epiregulin的表達(dá)呈陽性,表達(dá)率為60.0%,主要在細(xì)胞核或細(xì)胞質(zhì)中表達(dá)(圖1)。其中,Epiregulin在轉(zhuǎn)移組中的陽性著色率為86.7%(13/15),在未轉(zhuǎn)移組中為33.3%(5/15)。轉(zhuǎn)移組epiregulin平均Hs為1.26±0.65,未轉(zhuǎn)移組Hs為0.48±0.25,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。
圖1 人涎腺腺樣囊性癌組織epiregulin的表達(dá) (DAB染色,×40)
2.2 epiregulin的表達(dá)與臨床病理特征之間的關(guān)系 epiregulin表達(dá)與年齡、部位、組織分型、周圍神經(jīng)浸潤等臨床病理特征無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián),而與性別、肺轉(zhuǎn)移和臨床分期有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián)(表1)。
2.3 epiregulin的表達(dá)與預(yù)后的關(guān)系 Kaplan-Miere生存曲線(圖2)及Log-Rank檢驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)epiregulin的表達(dá)與患者的生存期相關(guān)(P=0.336)。
3.1 epiregulin表達(dá)與人類腫瘤 SACC是以遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移為特征的涎腺惡性腫瘤,以肺部轉(zhuǎn)移為主。腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制盡管研究的很廣泛,如從表觀遺傳學(xué)的角度[17]、緊密連接的角度[18]及MicroRNA的角度[19]等,但其發(fā)病機(jī)制仍然不詳。尋找能夠預(yù)測(cè)SACC轉(zhuǎn)移的生物標(biāo)志物將有助于提高患者生存率。epiregulin在健康人組織中表達(dá)極低,主要在外周血巨噬細(xì)胞和胎盤組織中。而在人的一些腫瘤組織中epiregulin的表達(dá)增高,且與腫瘤的生物學(xué)特性相關(guān),如膀胱癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、肺癌、大腸癌等,成為人們探討腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物的熱點(diǎn)。Zhang等[12]報(bào)道,在人非小細(xì)胞肺癌中epiregulin主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),而Sunaga與Sun等[13,20]報(bào)道在人非小細(xì)胞肺癌組織中細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)均有表達(dá)。本研究首次明確了在人的涎腺腺樣囊性癌組織中,epiregulin廣泛地表達(dá)于細(xì)胞核或細(xì)胞質(zhì)。
表1 epiregulin 在SACC組織中的表達(dá)及其與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系 ±s)
圖2 epiregulin的Keplan-Miere生存分析曲線Log-Rank檢驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組有生存差異,P=0.479
3.2 epiregulin的表達(dá)與轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系 在人大腸癌的研究中[21],epiregulin的表達(dá)與腫瘤浸潤的深度及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān);在人非小細(xì)胞肺癌中[12],epiregulin高表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及縮短的生存時(shí)間相關(guān),且可以作為肺腺癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo)[13]。在小鼠的乳腺癌細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭校珽reg基因(編碼epiregulin)被發(fā)現(xiàn)能與Cox2,Mmp1和Mmp2協(xié)同促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、血管生長(zhǎng)和肺轉(zhuǎn)移[22]。目前積累的證據(jù)提示epiregulin在一些腫瘤中具有促進(jìn)遷徙和侵襲的作用。在本研究中,肺轉(zhuǎn)移組的組織標(biāo)本中epiregulin的表達(dá)明顯高于未轉(zhuǎn)移組,且epiregulin高表達(dá)與肺轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),提示epiregulin可能在SACC肺轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮作用。
3.3 epiregulin的表達(dá)與臨床分期和患者生存的關(guān)系 Th?gersen等[8]的研究提示,epiregulin mRNA的表達(dá)水平在T2到T4期膀胱癌腫瘤組織中顯著高于Ta期(腫瘤局限在膀胱的內(nèi)襯上皮層),而且其高表達(dá)與患者的生存緊密相關(guān)。但在本研究中,只發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者epiregulin表達(dá)高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期,卻未發(fā)現(xiàn)epiregulin的表達(dá)與患者的生存時(shí)間相關(guān)。其原因可能與SACC組織的多形性有關(guān),或者還需要尋找更多的相關(guān)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合進(jìn)行預(yù)后相關(guān)性判斷。Sunaga等[13]報(bào)道,在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,epiregulin高表達(dá)組的生存時(shí)間與epiregulin低表達(dá)組的生存時(shí)間差異呈弱陽性(P=0.058)。當(dāng)將epiregulin表達(dá)與KRAS突變聯(lián)合分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),epiregulin高表達(dá)且KRAS突變組的生存時(shí)間與epiregulin低表達(dá)且KRAS野生型組有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。另外,本研究的樣本量可能不具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此,擴(kuò)大研究樣本量以進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證上述研究結(jié)果十分必要。
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(2013-12-20收稿 2014-03-06修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 武建虎)
Expressionofepiregulinintissueofsalivaryadenoidcysticcarcinomaanditsrelationshipwithclinicopathologicalcharacteristics
GUO Xiao1,2, GE Xiyuan1,3, WANG Yixiang1,3, FU Jia1,3, and LI Shenglin1,2,3. 1. Central Laboratory,2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 3. Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081,China
ObjectiveTo study the role of epiregulin, a member of epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, in the metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) cell.MethodsThirty paraffin-embeded archival tissue samples were used to examine epiregulin expression in SACC tissue by immunohistochemistry SP methods. Its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed afterwards.Results(1)Epiregulin expressed broadly in cytoplasm or nuclear compartments. (2)The epiregulin positive stain rate in lung metastasis-group (15 cases) was 86.7%(13/15), its average H-score is 1.26±0.65, whereas for non-metastasis group, the positive stain rate was 33.3%(5/15), and H-score was 0.48±0.25 on average. Epiregulin expressed higher in stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ than in clinical stages of Ⅰand Ⅱ. (3)No correlation was found between epiregulin expression and survival.ConclusionsEpiregulin expression may be associated with SACC lung metastasis. Studies of large sample size to further confirm the findings of this pilot study is warranted.
salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma/SACC; lung metastasis;ereg/epiregulin
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81272967)
郭 曉,碩士研究生在讀,E-mail:xjcarrie@sina.com
100081,北京大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)院:1.中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 2.口腔頜面外科;3.100081,北京大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔頜面外科研究室
李盛林,E-mail:kqshlli@bjmu.edu.cn
R739.87