趙龍 宋有鑫 崔成喜 張宇軒 張寶琦 龔平 武云鶴 尚瑞松 陳賓
復雜肱骨遠端骨折手術治療的臨床探討
趙龍 宋有鑫 崔成喜 張宇軒 張寶琦 龔平 武云鶴 尚瑞松 陳賓
目的評價手術治療復雜肱骨遠端骨折的療效。方法我院自2004年1月至2013年12月治療肱骨遠端骨折患者24例(AO/OTA分型為A3、B1、B2、C3型),根據(jù)不同的骨折分型采取個性化治療,并對手術時間、術中出血量及術后肘關節(jié)功能進行評價。結果術后隨訪3~6個月,平均4.5個月。根據(jù)肘關節(jié)返修術后功能評價(Mayo Clinic),術后一周肘關節(jié)功能評分:良好12例,一般10例,較差2例,優(yōu)良率為50.0%;術后3個月肘關節(jié)功能評分:良好15例,一般7例,較差2例,優(yōu)良率為62.5%。AO/OTA分型:A3型平均手術時間(186±45.9)min,平均術中出血量(161.1±69.7)ml,平均引流量(109.4±39.2)ml;B1、B2型平均手術時間(115±42.9)min,平均術中出血量(75.8±66.5)ml;平均引流量(17.0±28.2)ml;C3型平均手術時間(206.7±37.4)min,平均術中出血量(237.8±140.4)ml,平均引流量(132.8±17.9)ml。結論合理的手術入路及內(nèi)固定方式結合早期功能鍛煉有利于肱骨遠端骨折患者術后肘關節(jié)功能的恢復,可提高肱骨遠端骨折患者的治療效果,減少并發(fā)癥。
肱骨骨折,遠端;手術治療;療效
肱骨遠端骨折是肘關節(jié)周圍的一種嚴重損傷,約占成人骨折的2%,占肱骨骨折的50%,多見于青壯年,是臨床上較難處理的骨折之一[1]。由于肱骨遠端骨折類型復雜,多為粉碎性骨折且復位困難,因此術后易發(fā)生骨折再移位和關節(jié)黏連,是當今公認的創(chuàng)傷骨科難題之一?,F(xiàn)總結我院2004年1月至2013年12月收治的24例肱骨遠端骨折患者(AO/OTA分型為 A3、B1、B2、C3型)的臨床表現(xiàn)、治療方法及效果,報道如下:
一、一般資料
選擇我院自2004年1月至2013年12月收治的24例肱骨遠端骨折患者,其中,男性15例,女性9例,年齡17~73歲,平均41歲。按AO/OTA分型:A3型9例,B1、B2型6例,C3型9例。術前傷肢合并神經(jīng)損傷患者2例,合并糖尿病、高血壓等全身性系統(tǒng)疾病的患者2例。
二、手術方法
患者入院后以長臂石膏托固定,完善相關術前檢查,均于入院后12~72h手術,平均1.5d。臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉(22例)或全麻(2例)成功后,患者均取側臥位,患肢置于胸前,常規(guī)消毒術區(qū)后手術。部分患者術中使用氣囊止血帶。
A3型肱骨遠端骨折患者9例、B1、B2型骨折6例、C3型骨折7例,選擇經(jīng)縱行分離三頭肌入路。肘部后正中切口長約15cm,依次切開皮膚、皮下組織、深筋膜,顯露肱三頭肌后,在肱骨遠端鈍性分離肱三頭肌遠端并向內(nèi)、外側牽開,顯露骨折端。直視下解剖復位骨折,用2枚克氏針橫行臨時固定骨折端,注意保持肱骨干的提攜角和肱骨髁的前傾角。然后以外側單鋼板或雙鋼板固定骨折端。術中用C臂X線機透視,確定骨折復位滿意、內(nèi)固定牢固后拔除臨時固定骨塊的克氏針,徹底沖洗切口,放置引流管,逐層縫合。
部分C3型肱骨遠端骨折(2例),采用肘后經(jīng)尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路或縱行分離肱三頭肌入路。選擇肘后S形切口,起于肱骨中下1/3,止于尺骨干,長約15cm。暴露肱三頭肌內(nèi)側緣的尺神經(jīng),充分游離后牽引保護,沿肱三頭肌肌腱兩側分離,遠端至尺骨近端,從內(nèi)側或外側剝離鷹嘴后側骨面,先用擺鋸在鷹嘴尖、肱三頭肌肌腱附著點近端的關節(jié)外緣作V形截骨,深度為尺骨鷹嘴的3/4,然后用骨鑿截至軟骨下骨,撬撥截斷鷹嘴,截斷的鷹嘴連同肱三頭肌肌腱一同翻向近端,充分暴露肱骨內(nèi)、外髁及滑車部關節(jié)面。復位髁間骨折,將髁間骨折變?yōu)轺辽瞎钦?,骨折復位滿意后屈曲肘關節(jié),將骨折遠端與近端復位,并用2~4枚克氏針臨時固定。取2塊AO解剖型鎖定加壓板,分別植于干骺端的外側柱和內(nèi)側柱的骨嵴上,注意保護血運,不剝離骨表面軟組織。然后垂直鋼板方向植入螺釘,并保證螺釘不進入鷹嘴窩或冠狀窩?;蛐g中使用單鋼板輔助克氏針固定骨折端。術中采用C臂X線機透視確定骨折復位滿意、內(nèi)固定牢固。移除克氏針,活動肘關節(jié),確定固定牢靠后,將截下的鷹嘴骨塊復位,打入平行的雙克氏針,“8”字張力帶鋼絲固定,探查尺神經(jīng),放置引流管,縫合傷口。
三、術中注意事項
術中操作輕柔,注意神經(jīng)、血管的保護。易疆鶯等[2]認為在骨折復位過程中應注意恢復上肢提攜角及肱骨髁的前傾角。對于C3型骨折術中應先恢復髁間骨折,變髁間骨折為肱骨髁上骨折,之后復位肱骨遠端內(nèi)外側柱,重點是恢復肱骨滑車關節(jié)面。在手術操作時注意保護骨折塊的血供及神經(jīng)。
四、術后處理
術后患者常規(guī)應用抗生素3~5d。術后48~72h內(nèi)拔除引流管,2周后拆線。根據(jù)骨折的分型和患者實際情況輔助上肢長石膏拖或可拆卸式肘關節(jié)支具功能位固定。術后早期即進行功能鍛煉,進行上肢肌肉的等長收縮及肩、腕、各手指關節(jié)等的功能鍛煉。術后一周左右鼓勵患者主動進行肘關節(jié)屈伸活動,以主動活動為主、被動鍛煉為輔。由于A3及C3型骨折屬粉碎性骨折,因此鍛煉結束后繼續(xù)石膏拖或支具外固定。有文獻報道:肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉應逐漸增加鍛煉幅度,6~8周后允許上肢適當負重[3]。有2例患者因骨折粉碎嚴重、內(nèi)固定不牢固,術后石膏托固定3周后行肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉。
24例患者均順利完成手術,手術時間55~270min(平均143min),術中出血量為50~400ml(平均183ml),見表1。24例患者切口均I期愈合,未出現(xiàn)切口紅腫、滲液、感染。術后隨訪3~6個月(平均4.5個月),骨折端可見明顯骨痂形成。隨訪期間無內(nèi)固定松動、骨化性肌炎、骨折畸形愈合、延遲愈合或不愈合的發(fā)生。按照肘關節(jié)返修術后功能評價(Mayo Clinic):術后1周:優(yōu)良率為50.0%;術后3個月:優(yōu)良率為62.5%,見表2。
表1 三種類型手術時間、術中出血量和術后引流量數(shù)據(jù)分析(ml,±s)
表1 三種類型手術時間、術中出血量和術后引流量數(shù)據(jù)分析(ml,±s)
分型 例數(shù) 手術時間(min) 術中出血量 術后引流量A3 型 9 186.0±45.9 161.1±69.7 109.4±39.2 B1、2 型 6 115.0±42.9 75.8±66.5 17.0±28.2 C3 型 9 206.7±37.4 237.8±140.4 132.8±17.9
表2 肘關節(jié)返修術后功能評價(Mayo Clinic)(例)
一、肱骨遠端骨折的AO/OTA分型
肱骨遠端骨折目前常用的AO/OTA分型分為:A型骨折為關節(jié)外骨折;B型骨折為部分關節(jié)內(nèi)骨折;C型骨折為完全關節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,即髁間骨折。近年來有學者提出肱骨遠端的“雙柱”概念[4],即肱骨遠端的冠狀三角,三角中央為冠狀窩及鷹嘴窩,內(nèi)外髁由近端向遠端延伸構成雙柱。在肱骨遠端冠狀三角結構中,任何一邊斷裂都會破壞肱骨遠端力學的穩(wěn)定性。肱骨遠端A型骨折中雙柱斷裂,而肱骨遠端C型骨折中冠狀三角三邊均遭到破壞,手術重點是恢復三邊的穩(wěn)定性[5]。因此在肱骨遠端骨折的處理中,應同時恢復肱骨遠端關節(jié)面和內(nèi)外側雙柱的完整性。在AO/OTA分型中C3型骨折為關節(jié)內(nèi)粉碎性骨折(包括肱骨滑車及雙柱均為粉碎性骨折),術中骨折復位及內(nèi)固定實施都較為困難,導致肘關節(jié)功能恢復較差。Charissoux等[6]進行流行病學調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于中老年患者骨質(zhì)疏松,肱骨遠端骨折多為C型。
骨折分型決定了手術方式的選擇[7],因此術前評估十分重要。CT掃描及三維重建可更好反映骨折的移位情況,尤其是肱骨遠端C型骨折,可指導臨床醫(yī)師進一步治療,在患者手術方式的選擇中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
二、肱骨遠端骨折手術入路的選擇
治療肱骨遠端骨折目前國內(nèi)外文獻報道的常用手術入路主要有:(1)肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路;(2)經(jīng)肱三頭肌內(nèi)外側聯(lián)合入路;(3)尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路。在本研究中有2例患者采用肱三頭肌舌瓣入路,雖然未用鷹嘴截骨,但仍對肱三頭肌的損傷較大。該術式早期可造成術后肌肉水腫,同時進行肘關節(jié)制動,不利于肘關節(jié)早期功能鍛煉。遠期可造成肌肉萎縮、黏連和瘢痕愈合等,而影響肘關節(jié)功能。并且該入路對肱骨遠端關節(jié)面及肘前方顯露較差,目前臨床已較少使用,尤其是在肱骨遠端C型骨折手術中。
本研究中的21例患者選擇縱行劈開肱三頭肌或經(jīng)肱三頭肌一側入路。該術式對于除肱骨滑車外的肱骨遠端骨折端暴露較為理想。該術式保留了肱三頭肌的連續(xù)性,避免了肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路的一些并發(fā)癥。有利于早期進行肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉,防止關節(jié)僵硬。同時,該術式在最大程度上減少肘關節(jié)周圍肌肉及關節(jié)囊的損傷,保留了骨折塊的血運,防止肘關節(jié)黏連、關節(jié)囊攣縮及骨折塊缺血壞死。然而,對于復雜的肱骨遠端C3型骨折具有一定的局限性,該入路不能充分暴露肱骨滑車粉碎性骨折塊。
另外1例患者通過鷹嘴截骨充分暴露肱骨遠端骨折端,尤其是肱骨滑車的顯露。該術式避免了肱三頭肌的損傷,有利于對粉碎性骨折解剖復位。與肱三頭肌舌形瓣入路相比,經(jīng)鷹嘴截骨入路對骨折暴露、復位更容易[8]。然而,人為的造成鷹嘴骨折,術后可能出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)傷性關節(jié)炎、異位骨化、骨不愈合等并發(fā)癥,影響肘關節(jié)功能的恢復。但只要鷹嘴截骨做到解剖復位、堅強內(nèi)固定、早期功能鍛煉,仍能取得滿意的療效[8]。采用鷹嘴基底部“V”形截骨,可簡化骨折復位及增加截骨的接觸面積,有利于截骨面的骨性愈合,減少并發(fā)癥。該術式保護了肱三頭肌,避免其在肱骨遠端的黏連,有利于術后肘關節(jié)功能恢復。鷹嘴截骨入路較其他手術入路對骨折端的暴露更充分,有利于粉碎性骨折的直視下復位和固定,并且不影響肘關節(jié)的早期功能鍛煉。但不足之處是人為地造成一次骨折,不易被患者接受。
手術入路的選擇明顯影響術后肘關節(jié)功能恢復[9]。因此根據(jù)骨折情況選擇入路方式,對于AO/OTA分型中A、B、C1及C2型骨折,肱骨滑車關節(jié)面相對完整者,可采用縱行劈開肱三頭肌或肱三頭肌內(nèi)外側入路。對于C3型骨折,因術中需要對肱骨滑車粉碎性關節(jié)面進行復位,以及肌肉發(fā)達、肥胖等骨折暴露困難者,應選用尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路。
王靜等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):肱骨髁間骨折C2及C3型患者尺骨鷹嘴截骨入路內(nèi)固定術后肘關節(jié)功能評分的優(yōu)良率(82.32%與79.38%)均高于肱三頭肌兩側入路術后肘關節(jié)功能評分的優(yōu)良率(70.59%與64.71%);C1型患者兩種入路術后肘關節(jié)功能評分的優(yōu)良率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。目前肱骨髁間骨折首選切開復位內(nèi)固定術,常用入路為鷹嘴截骨入路[10]。Ahern等[11]通過動物實驗證明鷹嘴截骨入路可以更好地暴露骨折端,尤其是復雜的肱骨遠端骨折。
三、肱骨遠端骨折內(nèi)固定方式的選擇
骨折治療過程中堅強內(nèi)固定是保證術后早期進行功能鍛煉和獲得良好療效的前提。以往的單鋼板、Y形鋼板、克氏針、克氏針張力帶等內(nèi)固定方法療效較差??耸厢樣捎诜€(wěn)定性差,易出現(xiàn)松動、退針,術后常需要較長時間的石膏外固定,影響術后早期功能鍛煉。而單鋼板為平面固定,不符合“雙柱”概念的生物力學要求,對于粉碎性的C3型骨折遠端固定有限。“Y”形鋼板采用分叉角度固定,置于肘關節(jié)后方與肱骨遠端的貼附差,對肱骨遠端的C型骨折關節(jié)面的恢復和固定強度有限?!癥”型鋼板如果放置過低有可能進入鷹嘴窩,影響肘關節(jié)伸直。
由AO組織推薦的垂直雙鋼板技術和由O′Driscoll[12]推薦的平行雙鋼板技術可提供堅強的內(nèi)固定,早期進行肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉。該方法符合近年來國內(nèi)外學者提出的“雙柱固定”理念。此外,肱骨遠端骨折恢復滑車關節(jié)面是整個肱骨遠端骨折復位的關鍵,也是術后關節(jié)功能恢復的重要前提[5]。在恢復髁間骨折穩(wěn)定性后,采用垂直或平行雙鋼板固定肱骨遠端的內(nèi)外側柱,在解剖復位的基礎上提供堅強的內(nèi)固定。Kaiser等[13]采用垂直雙鋼板治療22例肱骨遠端骨折,垂直雙鋼板可提供最大的強度和抗疲勞特性,術后功能理想。Xie等[14]研究證實,內(nèi)外側雙鋼板固定治療肱骨遠端關節(jié)內(nèi)骨折效果滿意。Theivendran等[15]對16例肱骨遠端骨折患者運用平行雙鋼板治療,可達到較好的功能要求。Self等[16]通過生物力學試驗表明,雙鋼板固定在肘關節(jié)活動時牢固性最佳。Schemitsch等[17]研究認為內(nèi)外雙接骨板法是最佳的生物力學固定模式。雙鋼板固定有助于重建雙柱結構,固定牢固、穩(wěn)定,適用于C型骨折。
近年隨著手術器械及內(nèi)固定器械的不斷發(fā)展,肱骨遠端骨折內(nèi)固定方法越來越科學。由最早的重建鋼板逐漸出現(xiàn)了解剖鋼板和鎖定鋼板。解剖鋼板利于骨折的復位,并且可為骨折復位提供一定的參考。而鎖定鋼板由于其內(nèi)支架作用,在治療嚴重粉碎性骨折及老年骨質(zhì)疏松患者具有一定的優(yōu)勢。因此,AO雙鋼板固定中出現(xiàn)了肱骨遠端解剖鎖定鋼板[18]。相關臨床研究報道了應用肱骨遠端解剖鎖定鋼板治療肱骨遠端骨折的滿意效果[13]。由于其價格高昂,應用較為有限。對于高齡、骨質(zhì)疏松嚴重、嚴重粉碎的髁間骨折患者,全肘關節(jié)置換術可作為一種有效的治療方法[10]。切開復位內(nèi)固定術和全肘關節(jié)置換術在治療肱骨遠端骨折C型骨折中遠期療效、并發(fā)癥、再手術率沒有統(tǒng)計學差異[19]。也有研究報道對于肱骨遠端骨折選擇過關節(jié)外固定架治療,尤其對開放肱骨遠端骨折有一定的療效[20]。
本研究中13例采用單鋼板固定,4例采用雙鋼板固定,7例采用雙空心螺釘及克氏針固定。在早期功能鍛煉中采用雙鋼板固定者,開始肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉時間明顯早于其他內(nèi)固定方式,并且術后肘關節(jié)功能恢復明顯優(yōu)于其他方式。
四、肱骨遠端骨折手術時機選擇、并發(fā)癥及預防
肱骨遠端骨折由于骨折復雜,解剖復位困難,術后并發(fā)癥多,是當今公認的創(chuàng)傷骨科治療難題之一。手術時機的選擇對骨折復位及肘關節(jié)功能的恢復非常重要。本文所涉及病例均于入院后12~72h手術,平均1.5d,骨折早期行切開復位內(nèi)固定,軟組織易分離。對于軟組織張力較高的患者采用減張縫合,均獲得了較好的療效。閉合性骨折一般在傷后24~72h腫脹不顯著時手術最好,術前時間過長可增加術中骨折復位的難度,使得復位不理想,影響肘關節(jié)術后功能的恢復。黃雷等[21]認為傷后超過1周再手術的患者,優(yōu)良率明顯下降。因此,手術時機的把握可明顯降低術后并發(fā)癥。
肱骨遠端骨折常見的并發(fā)癥有關節(jié)攣縮、黏連、創(chuàng)傷性關節(jié)炎、異位骨化、尺神經(jīng)炎、骨折不愈合或畸形愈合等。根據(jù)骨折類型及軟組織損傷程度,選擇合理的手術入路、內(nèi)固定方式,重建關節(jié)面才能保證關節(jié)功能的恢復,減少創(chuàng)傷性關節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[22]。術中操作仔細、輕柔,減小(輕或少)術中醫(yī)源性損傷。術后早期進行正確的功能鍛煉是肘關節(jié)功能恢復的關鍵[10]。本研究鼓勵患者早期進行主動肘關節(jié)屈伸功能鍛煉,4例垂直雙鋼板固定的患者術后早期進行功能鍛煉,肘關節(jié)恢復良好,選擇單鋼板固定的5例患者術后進行功能鍛煉較晚,肘關節(jié)功能恢復一般。對于單純克氏針及螺釘固定的患者,術后輔助石膏托外固定,術后肘關節(jié)功能恢復欠佳。因此堅強內(nèi)固定是肘關節(jié)早期進行功能鍛煉的基礎,可有效預防肘關節(jié)周圍軟組織黏連。有學者報道[23]術后當天即開始服用非甾體類藥物,抑制炎性反應,同時能抑制間充質(zhì)干細胞的遷移和增殖,阻斷向成骨細胞分化,防止局限性骨化性肌炎形成。
我們主張患者術后早期進行上肢肌肉主動收縮及肩、腕、各手指關節(jié)功能鍛煉。指導患者循序漸進地進行肘關節(jié)功能鍛煉,主動活動結合被動活動,同時鍛煉前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)功能,使功能鍛煉合理有效[21]。對于術后肘關節(jié)屈伸功能不佳者,也可配合外固定架松解肘關節(jié)。因此,早期合理的功能鍛煉可有效防止肘關節(jié)術后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進骨折愈合及肘關節(jié)功能的恢復。
綜上所述,對于肱骨遠端骨折利用影像學資料進行骨折分型,早期選擇合適的手術方式治療。在滿意的骨折復位和堅強的內(nèi)固定前提下,術后早期進行功能鍛煉,對肘關節(jié)功能恢復具有重要意義。
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Clinical evaluation of operative treatment of complicated distal humerus fractures
Zhao Long,Song Youxin,Cui Chengxi,Zhang Yuxuan,Zhang Baoqi,Gong Ping,Wu Yunhe,Shang Ruisong,Chen Bin.Sixth Department of Orthopaedics,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College,Chengde 067000,China
BackgroundDistal humeral fracture is a severe damage around the elbow joint,and is often seen in young adults.It accounts for 2%of all adult fractures and about 50%of all humerus fractures.It′s one of the fractures that is difficult to deal with.The types of distal humeral fracture are divergent.Distal humerus fractures are often comminuted which make operative reduction difficult.Secondary loss of reduction and elbow ankylosis are common postoperative complications.All these difficulties make the distal humerus fracture one of the unresolved problems in fracture treatment.This study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of complex distal humeral fractures treated by operation.Methods(1)General data:twenty-four cases of operative treated distal humerus fractures in author′s hospital from January 2004to December 2013were included in this study.There were 15 males and 9females,aging from 17to 73,averaged 41.AO/OTA Classification:A3:9cases;B1,B2:6cases;C3:9cases.Two cases were combined with nerve injury.Two cases had histories of high blood pressure and diabetes.(2)Operative method:The patient was placed in the supine position,and the elbow to be operated on was positioned at 90°of abduction and supported on a lucent operating table.A pneumatic tourniquet was placed as proximally as possible on the arm.With the elbow flexed at about 60°,the first incision was made about 7cm proximal to the tip of the medial epicondyle.In the initial cases,the ulnar nerve was isolated,released from the ulnar nerve groove,and protected carefully.In later cases,the nerve was only exposed.The medial and anteromedial side of the distal humerus was exposed through the opening between the brachial muscle and the medial intermuscularseptum.The common origin of the flexor muscles was partially dissected and reflected distally,leaving a 5-mm strut to be re-sutured in situ at completion of surgery.The anterior capsule was incised.The articular surface of the trochlea was then exposed.A second incision was begun approximately 8 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle.The space between the triceps posteriorly,the origins of the extensor carpi radialis longus and the brachioradialis anteriorly,and the anterior side of the distal articular surface were exposed.The space between the anconeus and the extensor carpi ulnaris was opened,and the most distal articular surface of the capitulum and the lateral part of the trochlea was exposed.The elbow was then flexed about 80°,and the biceps and brachial–bronchial muscles were retracted anteriorly.Any hematoma among the fragments was debrided,and the number and displacement of articular fragments were identified.The main medial articular fragment,usually associated with the metaphyseal fragment,was first reduced to the medial column and temporally fixed with K-wires.Definitive fixation with a reconstruction plate (usually 6holes)could be completed if the metaphyseal fragment was anatomically reduced.Displaced small articular fragments were reduced to the main lateral fragment and fixed with 0.8K-wires.The main lateral articular fragment was then reduced medially to the medial articular fragment and proximally to the lateral column and maintained temporarily with K-wires.The reduction in the articular surfaces was then checked under direct vision and using a C-arm.Any step or gap between the lateral and the medial articular fragment was abolished by abduction or adduction of the elbow and compression with forceps while keeping the medial fragment in situ.Simultaneous adjustment of the lateral column was also performed.If the articular fracture was anatomically reduced,a 1.25-mm guide wire was then inserted into the trochlea from the lateral condyle,passed through the fracture and then to the medial condyle,parallel with the distal articular surface and located in the bone between the olecranal fossa and the articular surface as confirmed by C-arm.A 4.0-mm cannulated screw was then inserted along the guide wire.As described above,the medial column could be definitely fixed with a plate if anatomical reduction was achieved.In most cases,the plate was positioned on the anteromedial side of the distal humerus.The distal end of the plate should not extend beyond the medial epicondyle and should be fixed to the bone with 2-3screws according to the location of the fracture line.The best option was to insert the most distal two screws into the medial trochlea.If the fracture line was too low to be fixed with a plate,a tension band wire or screw fixation was used.The reconstruction plate for fixing the lateral column was carefully contoured,allowing the proximal end to be placed on the anterolateral side,and the distal end with the two most distal holes placed on the lateral side of the distal humerus.At least two screws were used to fix the plate to the lateral articular fragment,with one long screw implanted from lateral to medial side and parallel to the articular surface.Inserting the most proximal screws of the lateral and medial plates at the same level should be avoided.The reduction in the articular surface and the length of the screws were checked by C-arm.No excessive movement of the fracture fragments under the motion of the elbow was confirmed under direct vision.The dissected common origin of the flexor muscles was repaired.(3)Tips and tricks during operation:the nerves and blood vessels should be carefully protected during operation.Yi Jiangying et al reported that the anteversion of distal humerus and carrying angle of upper limb should be well reconstructed.For type C3,the first thing is to reduce intercondylar fragments,changing intercondylar fracture to supracondylar fracture,then restore the lateral column of distal humerus,in the end is to focus on the recovery of the trochlea articular surface.(4)Postoperative treatment:Antibiotics were routinely used in 3-5d.The drainage tube was removed in 48-72h.The stitches would be removed after two weeks.Plaster cast or hinged splint was properly applied to protect the elbow according to the classification of the fracture and the actual situation of patients.Early functional exercise was conducted.After a week or so,patients would be encouraged to do elbow flexion and extension.Rehabilitation protocol should be individualized according to fracture type and patients status.The intensity of rehabilitation also should be increased gradually.Proper upper limb weight bearing was allowed after 6-8weeks.ResultsAll 24patients were successfully operated.Operation time variedfrom 55to 270minutes,and averaged in 143min.Blood loss was ranged from 50to 400ml,and averaged in 183ml.All 24patients achieved Stage I healing.No swelling,effusion,or infection was observed.Postoperative follow-up was 3-6months(averaged 4.5months).Callus formation was observed in fracture end.No internal fixation loosening,myositis ossifications,malunion,delayed union or nonunion was observed in follow-ups.The outcome was evaluated according to Mayo Clinic Elbow Score.Good and excellent rate was 62.5%at 3months postoperatively.ConclusionsClassifying the distal humeral fractures using the imaging data is important for choosing appropriate surgery method.The satisfied reduction,rigid internal fixation and early exercise are critical for the functional recovery of the elbow.
Humerus fractures,distal;Surgical treatment;Curative effect
Chen Bin,Email:drchenbin@vip.sina.com
2014-07-06)
(本文編輯:李靜)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.007
067000 承德醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院骨外六科
陳賓,Email:drchenbin@vip.sina.com
趙龍,宋有鑫,崔成喜,等.復雜肱骨遠端骨折手術治療的臨床探討[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(3):168-173.