李 雪 劉寧波 趙路軍 王 平
mTOR抑制劑放療增敏的研究進(jìn)展*
李 雪 劉寧波 趙路軍 王 平
放療是腫瘤的重要治療手段之一,仍有部分患者在接受放療后存在復(fù)發(fā)或抗拒。哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路的主要效應(yīng)分子,分為mTORC1和mTORC2,對(duì)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)及增殖、細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展及蛋白翻譯等均有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。mTOR異常表達(dá)與腫瘤發(fā)生及治療反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)。腫瘤的放療敏感性與“4R”效應(yīng)有關(guān)。mTOR抑制劑可通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展、DNA損傷修復(fù)及抗血管形成等多種途徑發(fā)揮放療增敏作用。初期研究證實(shí)依維莫司具有放療增敏作用并且毒性可耐受。應(yīng)用mTOR抑制劑后不同細(xì)胞及個(gè)體反應(yīng)不同,可能與基因表達(dá)狀態(tài)有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
放射治療 mTOR 放療敏感性 mTOR抑制劑
放療是腫瘤的重要治療手段之一,在實(shí)體腫瘤患者中,約一半患者在其病程中需接受放療。與手術(shù)及化療比較,放療在控制腫瘤的同時(shí)可更好地保護(hù)正常組織,對(duì)全身影響更少[1]。然而,仍有部分患者在接受放療后出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。目前,主要通過(guò)同步化療或熱療提高放療療效,但效果仍不明顯,且毒性增加。然而放療結(jié)合靶向治療效果仍不明確。mTOR是目前的研究熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)及治療抗拒均有關(guān)[2]。但與放療敏感性的關(guān)系仍不明確。本研究對(duì)其臨床及亞臨床研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。
在人類多種腫瘤中均發(fā)現(xiàn)PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路的過(guò)度激活[3-5],其主要效應(yīng)分子哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一種絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,對(duì)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)及增殖、細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展及蛋白翻譯等均有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用[6-8]。mTOR分為兩種結(jié)構(gòu)上及功能上不同的多蛋白復(fù)合物,即mTORC1和mTORC2,兩種蛋白在分子組成、下游效應(yīng)分子及生物效應(yīng)等方面均不同[7,9-11]。mTORC1由Raptor、mLST8及mTOR組成,mTORC2由Rictor、mSIN1、mLST8及mTOR組成。mTORC1的下游效應(yīng)分子主要為4E-BP1(4E-binding protein 1)及S6K1(ribosomal S6 kinase 1),而mTORC2活性與AKT Ser 473位點(diǎn)磷酸化有關(guān)。mTOR異常表達(dá)可通過(guò)改變蛋白合成、異常調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期及抑制細(xì)胞凋亡等途徑促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[12]。目前認(rèn)為,mTOR異常表達(dá)與放療誘導(dǎo)的放療抗拒有關(guān)[12]。放療可通過(guò)激發(fā)生長(zhǎng)因子受體等導(dǎo)致PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路短暫迅速激活,mTOR活化可通過(guò)多種途徑減少腫瘤細(xì)胞損傷、維持細(xì)胞存活[12,13],包括磷酸化4E-BP1誘導(dǎo)TLK1B表達(dá),TLK1B可促進(jìn)DNA損傷修復(fù);促使HIF-1α積聚,HIF-1α可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)VEGF產(chǎn)生、血管形成、保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞免受放療的細(xì)胞毒性。在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn)mTOR抑制劑有較強(qiáng)的抗腫瘤活性[14-17]。mTOR抑制劑主要分為兩類:1)雷帕霉素及其衍生物:雷帕霉素、依維莫司RAD001、坦西莫司CCI-779和AP23573;2)mTOR激酶抑制劑:是一類小分子ATP類似物,與ATP競(jìng)爭(zhēng)mTOR的催化靶位,從而抑制mTOR的催化活性。
放療作用的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)是DNA,可直接損傷DNA或通過(guò)活化氧化物間接損傷DNA。正常組織較腫瘤組織增殖慢,從而能有效的修復(fù)DNA損傷避免死亡[19]。分次放療的放射生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是“4R”效應(yīng),放療導(dǎo)致的放療間歇期腫瘤細(xì)胞再氧合(Reoxygenation)和細(xì)胞周期再分布(Redistribution)可增加對(duì)下一次分割照射的敏感性,但同時(shí)也能允許存活腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖(Regeneration)導(dǎo)致加速的再群體化(Repopulation)。腫瘤的放療抗拒與腫瘤組織的異質(zhì)性及放療誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞基因表達(dá)和信號(hào)通路改變有關(guān)[2]。阻斷AKT/ mTOR信號(hào)通路可通過(guò)影響包括“4R”效應(yīng)在內(nèi)的多種途徑發(fā)揮放療增敏作用[13,19]。
2.1 改變細(xì)胞周期
細(xì)胞接受放射線照射后4~12 h,細(xì)胞周期短暫停滯于G1、S、G2期,G2/M期延長(zhǎng),利于損傷DNA修復(fù)。通常,G1、S期細(xì)胞放療抗拒,G2、M期細(xì)胞放療敏感。多項(xiàng)研究表明,mTOR抑制劑可影響放療后細(xì)胞周期改變[20]。Yu等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)在口腔鱗癌細(xì)胞中依維莫司可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)G2/M期停滯發(fā)揮放療增敏作用。而雷帕霉素預(yù)處理A459肺癌細(xì)胞系,在放療后8 h發(fā)現(xiàn)G2/M期停滯消失[22]。上述研究表明,mTOR抑制劑可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)G2/M期停滯發(fā)揮放療增敏作用,其細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控功能受作用時(shí)間及細(xì)胞種類的影響。
2.2 修復(fù)DNA損傷
射線照射所引起的DNA損傷包括DNA單鏈斷裂(single strain break,SSB)和雙鏈斷裂(double strain break,DSB),DSB可由兩種方式修復(fù),其中同源重組修復(fù)(homologous recombination,HR)約占20%,主要在S期晚期及G2期進(jìn)行;大部分DSB的修復(fù)是由非同源重組末端連接(Non-homologous end joinin,NHEJ)方式通過(guò)DNA-PKcs(DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit)完成,可在整個(gè)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)行。ATM(mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia)可檢測(cè)DSB存在,ATM活化后,一方面可激活DNA-PKcs促進(jìn)DSB修復(fù),另一方面磷酸化組蛋白H2AX提高核蛋白γH2AX foci表達(dá),γH2AX foci可反映DSB的存在。PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通過(guò)調(diào)控DNA-PKcs進(jìn)一步參與DNA修復(fù)過(guò)程。研究表明,雷帕霉素和放療處理SKBR3細(xì)胞系可明顯延長(zhǎng)γH2AX foci持續(xù)時(shí)間[21];在接受放療的MCF-7細(xì)胞系,雷帕霉素可明顯延長(zhǎng)γH2AX foci表達(dá)時(shí)間并且增加放療誘導(dǎo)的染色體損傷,抑制HR-及NHEJ-介導(dǎo)的DSB修復(fù)[22]。然而,另一項(xiàng)研究表明HeLa細(xì)胞系雷帕霉素可促進(jìn)放療誘導(dǎo)的DSB修復(fù),抑制mTOR可增強(qiáng)放療誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞損傷修復(fù),抑制放療敏感性[23]。上述研究表明,mTOR抑制劑對(duì)DNA損傷修復(fù)的不同影響與細(xì)胞種類有關(guān)。
2.3 誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡
DNA損傷無(wú)法修復(fù)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)入程序性細(xì)胞死亡,包括凋亡(apoptosis)、自噬及壞死(autophagy and necrosis)、有絲分裂災(zāi)變(mitotic catastrophe)及加速老化(accelerated senescence)等。放療可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡及自噬反應(yīng),通常腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)凋亡抗拒;目前認(rèn)為[6],單純放療誘導(dǎo)的自噬反應(yīng)有細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用,而放療與雷帕霉素結(jié)合應(yīng)用誘導(dǎo)的凋亡能增強(qiáng)放療的細(xì)胞毒性。雷帕霉素與放療結(jié)合應(yīng)用,在某些細(xì)胞系中通過(guò)凋亡或自噬誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡,而在有些細(xì)胞系凋亡和自噬同時(shí)發(fā)揮作用。
2.4 改善組織缺氧
腫瘤血管結(jié)構(gòu)異常及血流不均一導(dǎo)致腫瘤組織中存在缺氧區(qū),缺氧的組織通常放療抗拒[24]。mTOR抑制劑可通過(guò)多種途徑改善組織缺氧,包括正?;[瘤血管[25]及降低線粒體耗氧量進(jìn)而改善組織缺氧[26]等,此外,Kuwahara等[18]報(bào)道依維莫司作用靶點(diǎn)為血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,可通過(guò)阻斷VEGF介導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖及抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放VEGF發(fā)揮抗血管形成作用,進(jìn)而改善組織缺氧。
目前,依維莫司已被美國(guó)FDA批準(zhǔn)用于腎癌的治療,其毒性可耐受,2/3級(jí)毒性包括高血糖癥(17%)、低磷血癥(13%)、貧血(9%)及高脂血癥(6%)。然而,作為放療增敏劑的研究仍處初期階段。依維莫司可通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡及細(xì)胞自噬、抗血管形成等途徑增強(qiáng)放療敏感性,此外依維莫司可促進(jìn)腫瘤組織微血管血栓形成導(dǎo)致腫瘤壞死。一項(xiàng)Ⅰ期臨床研究[28]包括10例NSCLC患者,均接受胸部放療(35 Gy/15 f)同步依維莫司每周1次治療。結(jié)果8例可評(píng)估,依維莫司同步放療最大可耐受劑量為15 mg周方案,其劑量限制性毒性包括肺炎及肺出血。上述研究表明,mTOR抑制劑可用于抗腫瘤治療,并且有望用于放療增敏治療,目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)不可耐受的毒性反應(yīng)。
mTOR抑制劑可通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展、DNA損傷修復(fù)及改善組織缺氧等多種途徑發(fā)揮放療增敏作用。依維莫司已批準(zhǔn)用于抗腫瘤治療,然而其放療增敏作用的研究仍處于初期階段,需進(jìn)一步臨床研究證實(shí)其有效性及安全性。此外,研究表明不同細(xì)胞系對(duì)mTOR抑制劑治療反應(yīng)的差異可能與基因表達(dá)狀態(tài)有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步研究明確基因表達(dá)狀態(tài)與mTOR抑制劑治療反應(yīng)間的關(guān)系。
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(2014-03-21收稿)
(2014-07-03修回)
(本文編輯:邢穎)
Research on mTOR inhibitors used in radio-sensitization
Xue LI,Ningbo LIU,Lujun ZHAO,Ping WANG
Ping WANG;E-mail:tjdoctorwang@163.com
Departments of Radiation Therapy,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,Tianjin 300060,China.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81372518).
Radiotherapy is important for cancer treatment.However,some patients still experience relapse and exhibit radiation resistance.Mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is the main effector molecule in PI3K/AKT signaling.This molecule is found in two structurally and functionally distinct multi-protein complexes known as the mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2.The mTOR signaling pathway controls the growth,proliferation,survival,and apoptosis of cancer cells.This pathway is closely related to tumorigenesis and treatment response,and is used in sensitizing radiotherapy.mTOR inhibitors regulate radio-sensitization through multiple mechanisms,including cell cycle alterations,DNA repair modulation,and tumor hypoxia reduction.Preclinical studies showed that mTOR inhibitors with tolerable toxicity may be used as an effective modality to overcome radio-resistant tumors.Responses to mTOR inhibitors vary depending on the cell lines.Molecular markers can be used to select suitable patients.Further studies are needed to completely understand the use of mTOR inhibitors in radio-sensitization.
radiotherapy,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases,radiosensitivity,mTOR inhibitor
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20140360
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060)
*本文課題受國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):81372518)資助
王平 tjdoctorwang@163.com
李雪 在讀碩士研究生。專業(yè)方向?yàn)樾夭磕[瘤的放射治療。
E-mail:lixuefangliao@163.com