施開炯 王 衡 胡少輝 王 彬 趙 璐
食管及賁門癌手術(shù)少見并發(fā)癥臨床分析
施開炯 王 衡 胡少輝 王 彬 趙 璐
目的:總結(jié)食管及賁門癌手術(shù)少見并發(fā)癥的診斷及治療體會(huì),吸取其診斷失誤、治療失敗的教訓(xùn)。方法:回顧性分析少見并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病原因、臨床診斷、處理方法、預(yù)防措施及其中治療失敗的相關(guān)因素。結(jié)果:治愈及死亡分別為10例及8例(除外已報(bào)道的8例)。結(jié)論:1)該文所述的并發(fā)癥雖然少見,但臨床上時(shí)有發(fā)生,若處理不當(dāng),常造成嚴(yán)重后果;2)對(duì)主動(dòng)脈食管固有支撕脫性損傷的噴射狀出血,術(shù)者要沉著、冷靜,只要處理方法正確,損傷口均可以修補(bǔ)成功;3)右胸徑路是預(yù)防奇靜脈損傷的關(guān)鍵措施;4)吻合口腹內(nèi)瘺的患者,若早期漏出感染物包裹于膈下,容易延誤診斷;5)吻合口主動(dòng)脈瘺,關(guān)鍵在于預(yù)防;6)警惕術(shù)后肺動(dòng)脈栓塞的發(fā)生,提高其防治意識(shí);7)胸胃縱隔疝若不及時(shí)處理,預(yù)后較差。
癌 食管與賁門 少見并發(fā)癥
食管外科術(shù)后并發(fā)癥舉足輕重,種類較多,性質(zhì)嚴(yán)重。文獻(xiàn)中記載的多為常見并發(fā)癥,本院近25年來,在食管及賁門癌外科手術(shù)中,共發(fā)生臨床少見并發(fā)癥26例(其中8例已有報(bào)道),現(xiàn)作如下臨床分析。
1.1 臨床資料
選取1988年1月至2013年3月手術(shù)切除的食管及賁門癌2 042例(食管癌1 269例,賁門癌773例,不包括探查病例)中,發(fā)生臨床少見并發(fā)癥26例,其中男19例,女7例;年齡45歲至73歲。食管癌及賁門癌分別為22例及4例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 術(shù)中損傷性并發(fā)癥 1)奇靜脈損傷2例:分別為食管胸中段及胸上段癌左進(jìn)胸術(shù)中,1例為分離與奇靜脈干粘連病灶時(shí)損傷,用心耳鉗夾拉開主動(dòng)脈,以4號(hào)絲線縫扎止血;另1例為分離主動(dòng)脈弓病灶時(shí)損傷,未及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn);于術(shù)后2 h出現(xiàn)失血性休克再次進(jìn)胸探查發(fā)現(xiàn)奇靜脈弓損傷,傷口約4 mm,經(jīng)結(jié)扎切斷兩支肋間血管翻轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)脈弓顯露術(shù)野,結(jié)扎止血,雖出血停止,但因腦未復(fù)蘇,治療失敗。2)上腔靜脈及左下肺靜脈損傷各1例:前者為右胸入路分離胸壁、右肺、上腔靜脈廣泛粘連時(shí)損傷,創(chuàng)口約1 cm;后者為左進(jìn)胸分離病灶與下肺靜脈粘連時(shí),因麻醉過淺患者嗆咳致電刀灼傷,創(chuàng)口約0.4 cm;均以沙氏鉗鉗夾無損傷線修補(bǔ)。前者術(shù)后面部輕度腫脹,3天后消退。3)主動(dòng)脈食管固有支撕脫出血4例:2例位于降主動(dòng)脈,均于結(jié)扎食管固有支時(shí)牽拉自根部撕脫,出血呈噴射狀,主動(dòng)脈壁破損口直徑約1.2 mm。用手指按壓,以硝酸甘油將收縮壓控制于90 mmHg,5-0號(hào)無損傷縫合線荷包縫合主動(dòng)脈壁外膜至彈力層結(jié)扎后成功止血。術(shù)后繼續(xù)控制性降壓2天;余2例為食管過弓后出血兇險(xiǎn),1例于弓的后上方尋見該固有支的殘端,成功結(jié)扎止血。另1例翻弓顯露修補(bǔ)止血。4)左主支氣管膜部損傷1例:為麻醉雙腔管氣囊壓力過高致膜部菲薄,分離牽拉病灶時(shí)致傷,以無損傷線修補(bǔ),生物膠噴涂,縱隔胸膜覆蓋。5)誤扎腹腔動(dòng)脈干1例:為賁門癌術(shù)中,第7、9組淋巴結(jié)融合包繞血管,在清除淋巴結(jié)時(shí)誤扎。誤扎后觀察20 min肝、脾、殘胃等臟器血供漸好轉(zhuǎn)無缺血征象,按原方案完成根治手術(shù)。6)誤扎胃網(wǎng)膜右動(dòng)脈1例:系網(wǎng)膜肥厚的賁門癌患者,于幽門上方誤扎后檢查胃右動(dòng)脈供血良好,殘胃無血運(yùn)障礙,按原方案完成根治術(shù)。
1.2.2 食管—胃吻合口腹內(nèi)瘺1例 為賁門癌患者術(shù)后第6天突然高熱、寒顫、胸腹部未檢出陽性體征,兩次胸片檢查結(jié)果均正常,3次口服亞甲藍(lán)胸引流管均無溢出,超聲探測胸腹腔無積液。于術(shù)后第13天(瘺后第7天)出現(xiàn)腹膜炎癥狀,剖腹探查,腹腔內(nèi)中等量稀薄膿液,大量膿液及食物殘?jiān)陔跸?,行膈下、縱隔及腹腔引流,高位空腸造瘺腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)治療后中毒癥狀有所好轉(zhuǎn),但體質(zhì)逐漸衰竭,于第2次手術(shù)后第14天因毒血癥及全身衰竭死亡。
1.2.3 術(shù)后吻合口主動(dòng)脈瘺4例 均為食管癌食管胃弓上吻合。3例發(fā)生時(shí)間在術(shù)后33~48天,1例支架治療患者為術(shù)后89天;主要癥狀為特發(fā)性大量反復(fù)嘔血及便血,每次出血量約800~1 000 mL,2次嘔血的間隔時(shí)間為30~120 min,每例出血總量為3 000~4 000 mL。其中1例為吻合口瘺已治愈時(shí)發(fā)病,伴有低熱及胸痛。1例為術(shù)后放療20 Gy后發(fā)病,1例為置鎳鈦記憶合金支架后20天發(fā)病,另1例為術(shù)后41天發(fā)病,出血至死亡時(shí)間為4~70 h。
1.2.4 術(shù)后肺栓塞(Pulmonary embolism,PE)2例 發(fā)生在食管癌根治術(shù)后第5及第7天,分別為術(shù)后第1次下床活動(dòng)及用力排便時(shí)突感胸悶、氣短、胸痛、呼吸困難、咯血、紫紺,動(dòng)脈氧飽和度為40%~50%,兩肺呼吸音低,床旁胸片示肺紋理稀疏,D-Dimer(D-二聚體)檢測分別為0.6 mg/L及0.7 mg/L,其中1例行螺旋CT增強(qiáng)掃描提示右肺動(dòng)脈完全性栓塞。經(jīng)搶救無效均死亡。
1.2.5 左胸左頸兩切口經(jīng)食管床頸部食管胃腸合術(shù)后左胸胃縱隔疝[1]病例見圖1、2、3,詳見討論中3.5敘述。
圖1 食管床內(nèi)的胸胃于主動(dòng)脈弓下方已部分疝入右胸Figure 1 Thoracic stomach in esophageal bed had partly herniated into the right chest below the aortic arch
圖2 食管床內(nèi)的胸胃已全部疝入右胸Figure 2 Thoracic stomach in esophageal bed had completely herniated into the right chest
圖3 鋇劑造影示食管床內(nèi)的胸胃自上而下逐步疝移至右胸,十二指腸球部被牽拉旋轉(zhuǎn)移位至左上腹Figure 3 Barium meal radiography showing that the left thoracic stomach had gradually moved to the right chest,and the duodenal bulb was dragged to the left upper quadrant
全組病例中(除外已報(bào)道的8例)治愈及死亡分別為10例及8例,治愈10例中均為術(shù)中損傷性并發(fā)癥;死亡8例中,1例為奇靜脈弓損傷,因失血性休克腦缺血時(shí)間過長,腦復(fù)蘇失敗,5天后自動(dòng)出院(按死亡統(tǒng)計(jì));另7例為腹內(nèi)瘺1例,因發(fā)病早期誤診誤治致感染性休克伴衰竭死亡;吻合口主動(dòng)脈瘺及PE共6例,發(fā)病急不容搶救均死亡。
3.1 術(shù)中損傷性并發(fā)癥
1)對(duì)腔靜脈、奇靜脈弓損傷需防空氣栓塞。本研究中左進(jìn)胸奇靜脈弓損傷1例,因破損口小,靜脈內(nèi)壓力低,經(jīng)紗布?jí)浩群笱龎K堵塞傷口暫出血停止術(shù)中未仔細(xì)探查而疏忽,返回病房后由于胸腔負(fù)壓和血壓回升血凝塊脫落導(dǎo)致大出血,而死亡。2)主動(dòng)脈食管固有支撕脫出血時(shí),由于壓力高出血兇猛且患者高齡、血管彈性差,不易自凝止血,此時(shí)術(shù)者需要沉著、冷靜。修補(bǔ)時(shí)防止全層縫合使破口變大或?qū)е滦碌膭?chuàng)口致難以控制的大出血;4例中2例出血位于弓后,此處系主動(dòng)脈與食管相連的交叉動(dòng)脈,因解剖不熟悉而疏忽致?lián)p傷,該處難以顯露,止血困難[2];損傷后常需翻弓探查止血。3)誤扎腹腔動(dòng)脈干及胃網(wǎng)膜右動(dòng)脈:前者誤扎后胃肝脾的血供可依靠腸系膜上動(dòng)脈的分支胰十二指腸下動(dòng)脈與胰十二指腸上動(dòng)脈吻合支至胃十二指腸動(dòng)脈來供血,后者誤扎后大部分情況下可依靠胃右動(dòng)脈供血,但風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均較大,術(shù)中應(yīng)避免誤扎。
3.2 吻合口腹內(nèi)瘺
腹內(nèi)瘺是由于瘺的感染物順食管床流入腹腔所致,作者早年曾報(bào)道2例,因處理及時(shí)均治愈[3-4],本例由于對(duì)包裹隱蔽的腹內(nèi)瘺認(rèn)識(shí)不足而延誤診斷,失去了早期膈下引流的最佳時(shí)機(jī)而治療失敗。
3.3 吻合口主動(dòng)脈瘺
國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道發(fā)生率在0.1%~2.4%之間[5-6],本組4例連同筆者7年前報(bào)道的5例,累計(jì)其發(fā)病率為0.44%(9/2 042)。本研究9例的發(fā)病原因:吻合口和高壓搏動(dòng)的主動(dòng)脈壁長期摩擦或支架壓迫[7],使之受損缺血為直接因素,吻合口瘺的感染物及消化液波及并侵蝕主動(dòng)脈為直接或疊加因素;放射線損傷主動(dòng)脈壁為間接因素[8-9]。減少該并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵在于預(yù)防:1)吻合口遠(yuǎn)離主動(dòng)脈或吻合口與主動(dòng)脈壁之間用大網(wǎng)膜等軟組織加以襯墊[5,10];2)預(yù)防吻合口瘺的發(fā)生至關(guān)重要;3)置食管支架時(shí),選擇可取式覆膜優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品及嚴(yán)格掌握其適應(yīng)癥等等;治療極為困難,文獻(xiàn)中有立即手術(shù)行主動(dòng)脈修補(bǔ)獲救的報(bào)道,亦有對(duì)感染嚴(yán)重行主動(dòng)脈置換的記載,但未見成功的報(bào)道;國外有報(bào)道用主動(dòng)脈支架治療成功的病例[11]。天津市胸科醫(yī)院曾對(duì)1例外傷性食管主動(dòng)脈瘺采用雜交式手術(shù),先將覆膜支架介入放置于主動(dòng)脈瘺口位置,再左進(jìn)胸修補(bǔ)食管獲得成功[12]。為搶救食管(吻合口)主動(dòng)脈瘺探索出一種有效的治療方法。
3.4 PE是導(dǎo)致腫瘤患者死亡的主要原因之一[13]
PE逐漸被各科臨床醫(yī)師重視,但誤診漏診率仍很高,國內(nèi)誤診率高達(dá)80%,國外報(bào)道達(dá)67%[14],多誤為心源性猝死;部分不全PE的患者發(fā)病輕,非兇險(xiǎn),栓子常自溶不發(fā)病而自愈。有報(bào)道,約有25%PE的患者毫無癥狀(尸檢結(jié)論);它的相關(guān)因素為高齡、吸煙、腫瘤的高凝狀態(tài)、手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷、術(shù)前術(shù)后較長時(shí)間臥床、濫用止血藥物及下肢靜脈炎等,特別是進(jìn)展期惡性腫瘤患者,術(shù)后發(fā)生血栓及PE的危險(xiǎn)性為非惡性腫瘤患者的4~6倍及6.7倍[15-16]?;颊叱1憩F(xiàn)為典型肺栓塞三聯(lián)征(呼吸困難、胸痛、咯血和/或循環(huán)衰竭)、胸片及目前常用的CTPA(螺旋CT肺動(dòng)脈強(qiáng)化顯影)檢查可行而實(shí)用;D-Dimer檢查敏感性強(qiáng),但特異性差,可作為排除指標(biāo)。猝死及診斷不明的患者常需尸檢定論。治療方面對(duì)重癥PE患者,除抗凝外,部分醫(yī)院采用經(jīng)皮導(dǎo)管介入機(jī)械碎栓序貫?zāi)蚣っ妇植咳芩ㄊ挂恍┗颊攉@救[17-18];對(duì)已有上下肢深靜脈血栓形成的高?;颊咝璨扇☆A(yù)防措施,分別放置上下腔靜脈濾器,是預(yù)防發(fā)生致命性PE的一種安全有效的措施[14,19]。各級(jí)外科醫(yī)師應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)和警惕術(shù)后PE的發(fā)生,提高其防治意識(shí),減少誤診,積極預(yù)防以降低其發(fā)病率及死亡率。
3.5 食管癌術(shù)后左胸胃縱隔疝
本例并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病原因:1)術(shù)中胃的游離過于松弛,食管床內(nèi)松弛的胃因被降主動(dòng)脈的阻攔易通過右縱隔胸膜缺損而疝入右胸;2)胃的解剖位置改變,易發(fā)生排空障礙[20];3)去神經(jīng)化的胸胃不能形成由近端向遠(yuǎn)端的節(jié)律性收縮,幽門括約肌不能和胸胃的運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)一致,而導(dǎo)致胸胃的膨脹、潴留,更增加了疝發(fā)生的機(jī)率;4)胸胃與右胸粘連,若逾24 h造成不可回復(fù)性疝。該患者因右側(cè)縱隔胸膜切除及破損口大,疝頸部寬松,僅造成上消化道不全梗阻,短期內(nèi)仍可少量進(jìn)食,但需盡快手術(shù)復(fù)位,否則會(huì)逐漸衰竭危及生命,預(yù)后惡劣;治療方法為右進(jìn)胸分離粘連,將胸胃還納,胃壁縫合固定于食管床內(nèi),以恢復(fù)上消化道的暢通;預(yù)防措施:1)胃的游離,松弛要適度;2)將胸胃壁縫合固定于食管床以防其移位;3)適當(dāng)延長胃腸減壓時(shí)間,以恢復(fù)去神經(jīng)化胸胃的節(jié)律性收縮功能;4)必要時(shí)附加幽門成形術(shù)。
本研究所述的少見并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率低,報(bào)道較少,但臨床上時(shí)有發(fā)生,且多兇險(xiǎn),往往造成嚴(yán)重的后果;各級(jí)醫(yī)師需警覺關(guān)注。
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(2013-11-05收稿)
(2014-04-21修回)
(本文編輯:楊紅欣)
Clinical analysis of uncommon complications in esophageal and cardiac cancer operations
Kaijiong SHI,Heng WANG,Shaohui HU,Bin WANG,Lu ZHAO
Kaijiong SHI;E-mail:1227509684@qq.com
Objective:This study aimed to summarize the diagnosis and treatment of uncommon complications in esophageal and cardiac cancer operations as well as obtain lessons from the failure.Methods:The etiology,clinical diagnosis,treatment,prevention measures,and factors that contribute to the failure of the uncommon complications were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Results showed ten cured cases and eight death cases(except for the reported eight cases).Conclusion:The following conclusions were obtained.1)The complications described in this paper were rare,but they sometimes occur clinically.If wrong treatment was taken,serious consequences would be expected.2)Once a jet-like bleeding of aortic esophagus avulsion injury occurs,the surgeon must be calm and take proper treatment to successfully patch up the wounds.3)The right thoracic approach is a new approach to prevent the injury of azygos vein.4)Patients with anastomotic stoma fistula easily cause a delay in diagnosis if the leakage was wrapped in the inferior phrenic.5)Taking preventive measures is the key method for the anastomotic aortoesophageal fistula.6)Occurrence of pulmonary embolism after operation should be monitored.7)Thoracic gastric mediastinal hernia would cause serious consequences if treatment was not taken at a proper time.
cancer,esophagus and cardia,rare complications
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20131865
施開炯 主任醫(yī)師。研究方向?yàn)槠招赝獾氖中g(shù)治療。
阜陽市腫瘤醫(yī)院胸外科(安徽省阜陽市236033)
施開炯 1227509684@qq.com
Department of Thoracic Surgery,Fuyang Cancer Hospital,Fuyang 236033,China.
E-mail:1227509684@qq.com