張滿勝,英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)英語(yǔ)碩士,新東方學(xué)?!靶滤季S語(yǔ)法”培訓(xùn)創(chuàng)始人,著有《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法新思維》系列圖書,對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有深入的研究,突破傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法教學(xué),提出了“語(yǔ)法即思維”的全新語(yǔ)法理念,揭開了英語(yǔ)思維的深層秘密。他對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的癥結(jié)和困惑有深刻的了解,力爭(zhēng)改變中國(guó)學(xué)生“學(xué)習(xí)多年英語(yǔ),最終還是不會(huì)說(shuō)、不會(huì)寫、聽不懂”的尷尬局面。歡迎大家來(lái)信咨詢與英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的問題,請(qǐng)?jiān)谛欧庥蚁陆腔蜞]件主題欄注明“熱線答疑”。
張老師好,麻煩看看這道完形填空題:
I found a large cancer that had spread over much of the roof of her mouth. A careful examination later ____ that it was a particularly bad sort of cancer.
A. confirmed B. convinced
C. considered D. concluded
答案選A,意即“我通過后來(lái)的細(xì)致檢查確定了那是個(gè)惡性腫瘤”。但是confirm應(yīng)該用人作主語(yǔ)啊,這里怎么是examination作主語(yǔ)呢?謝謝!
這是一個(gè)很有趣的問題。往小說(shuō),是不懂confirm的用法;往大說(shuō),這種疑惑背后的根本原因是英漢思維差異。下面我就從這兩個(gè)不同的層面來(lái)回答。
從confirm本身的用法來(lái)看,該動(dòng)詞完全可以用事物作主語(yǔ),比如:① X-rays have confirmed that he has not broken any bones. ② These new statistics confirm our worst fears about the depth of the recession. 這兩個(gè)例句中,X-rays和statistics都是事物,而非人。
從英漢思維差異角度來(lái)看,漢語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣用人作主語(yǔ),而英語(yǔ)更看重事物之間的內(nèi)在邏輯。請(qǐng)比較:
a. If you carefully compare these two teaching methods, i.e. the serious and relaxed ways of teaching, you will find the latter is superior.
b. Careful comparison of the two teaching methods, i.e. the serious and relaxed ways of teaching, will reveal that the latter is superior.
顯然,a句更符合漢語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣,而英語(yǔ)中往往用b句來(lái)表達(dá)同樣的意思。再比如,英語(yǔ)信件末尾常說(shuō):I hope this mail finds you well. 而在漢語(yǔ)中是不能這樣說(shuō)的。
概括而言,漢語(yǔ)思維往往把人與物對(duì)立起來(lái),但是英語(yǔ)卻并非如此。例如,“失敗的人”與“失敗的事”在英語(yǔ)中都是a failure;類似地,a success可以指“成功者”和“成功的事”。這位同學(xué)如此糾結(jié)人與物的區(qū)分,說(shuō)到底還是漢語(yǔ)思維在作怪。就我個(gè)人的體會(huì)而言,英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)是一種思維上的修煉。在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過程中,要善于思考,從思維上進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,只靠機(jī)械模仿、死記硬背肯定不行。
張老師好,麻煩看看這道完形填空題:
I've come to understand that the time and place for a miracle is ____ we choose to find it.
A. whatever B. wherever
C. whoever D. whichever
答案選B。前面是time and place,所以后面按理說(shuō)應(yīng)該是when and where???難道wherever可以既指“無(wú)論何地”又指“無(wú)論何時(shí)”嗎?謝謝解答!
這是一個(gè)很好的問題,我將從兩方面來(lái)回答。首先,從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)看,從句we choose to find it不缺少成分,因此空格處應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞。而whatever、whoever以及whichever都是關(guān)系代詞,需要在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)等成分。由此可見,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中我們只能選wherever來(lái)充當(dāng)從句的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),說(shuō)成:I've come to understand that the time and place for a miracle is wherever we choose to find it. 實(shí)際上,除了wherever之外,我們也可以填入whenever,說(shuō)成:I've come to understand that the time and place for a miracle is whenever we choose to find it. 如果因?yàn)閠ime and place既有時(shí)間又有地點(diǎn)而使用了whenever and wherever,說(shuō)成:I've come to understand that the time and place for a miracle is whenever and wherever we choose to find it. 從理論上講,這也是正確的,但在以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人看來(lái),這么說(shuō)有些拗口。所以只需使用wherever或whenever其中任何一個(gè)即可。
其次,從wherever的用法角度來(lái)看,英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)候時(shí)間概念與地點(diǎn)概念之間的界線較為模糊,尤其是帶有-ever強(qiáng)調(diào)含義的時(shí)候。所以該題既可以填入wherever,又可以用whenever,且填入后句意幾乎沒有區(qū)別,都為:我現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)悟到,只要我們?nèi)ふ?,無(wú)論在何時(shí)何地都能發(fā)現(xiàn)奇跡。endprint