成骨不全癥(Osteogenesis imperfecta,OI)是一種以骨骼脆性增加、骨量降低為特征的基因缺陷性疾病。疾病的嚴(yán)重程度多種多樣,可表現(xiàn)為胎兒在子宮內(nèi)發(fā)生骨折、圍產(chǎn)期致死,和基本不發(fā)生骨折的輕型成骨不全癥[1]。其病變位置不僅局限于骨骼,還常常累及其他組織,如眼、耳、皮膚、牙齒等,其特點(diǎn)是多發(fā)性骨折、藍(lán)鞏膜、進(jìn)行性耳聾、牙質(zhì)改變、關(guān)節(jié)松弛和皮膚異常。大多數(shù)臨床診斷為成骨不全癥的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)Ⅰ型膠原的α鏈編碼基因COL1A1或COL1A2位點(diǎn)的改變。
1診斷和分型
1.1診斷 成骨不全癥在臨床診斷上主要根據(jù)上述的癥狀和體征。通常,以骨質(zhì)疏松和骨脆性增加,以及藍(lán)鞏膜作為主要的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是,此疾病診斷起來仍然很困難,因?yàn)槟壳吧袥]有達(dá)成一個(gè)得到共識(shí)的臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。通過對(duì)從患者身體上培養(yǎng)的皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的Ⅰ型前膠原蛋白分子的數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析,可以獲得有用的信息[2]。另外,可以從白細(xì)胞中提取DNA,然后對(duì)COL1A1和COL1A2基因的編碼區(qū)進(jìn)行突變位點(diǎn)的篩選[3]。通過這兩種方法,可以檢測(cè)到90%的Ⅰ型膠原蛋白的突變情況[4]。Ⅰ型膠原檢測(cè)的陽(yáng)性結(jié)果,有助于對(duì)成骨不全癥進(jìn)行確診。但是,當(dāng)Ⅰ型膠原檢測(cè)的結(jié)果為陰性時(shí),也不能排除成骨不全癥的診斷。
1.2分型 目前,成骨不全癥廣泛使用的分型是Sillence分型[5],根據(jù)不同的臨床表現(xiàn),可分為4型。在此基礎(chǔ)上,成骨不全癥又細(xì)分出額外的3個(gè)亞型,這3個(gè)亞型的患者均有明顯的臨床特征,但是基因的突變位點(diǎn)尚未檢測(cè)到,見表1[6-8]。所有的成骨不全癥的亞型都有骨骼脆弱這一臨床特征,其嚴(yán)重程度為Ⅰ型<Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ<Ⅲ型<Ⅱ型。
2二磷酸鹽治療
物理治療、康復(fù)和骨科手術(shù)是治療成骨不全癥的主要方式[9-10]。目前為止,尚無(wú)有效的藥物可以治療成骨不全癥,但二磷酸鹽的治療最具前景。帕米磷酸鈉是二磷酸鹽家族中的一類,它具有抗骨重吸收的作用[11]。它會(huì)干擾破骨細(xì)胞中膽固醇生物合成的甲羥戊酸途徑[12],抑制這些細(xì)胞的功能,但不會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的凋謝[13]。
在帕米磷酸鈉治療的過程中,脊椎骨礦質(zhì)量較未治療患者快速增長(zhǎng)[14-19]。上段腰椎骨密度的提高和椎體體積的增大,導(dǎo)致整體骨量的增加[20]。同時(shí),一些調(diào)查人員報(bào)道,帕米磷酸鈉治療可以使一些椎體壓縮性骨折恢復(fù)到相對(duì)正常的形態(tài)[14-16]。髂骨樣本的骨組織形態(tài)計(jì)量學(xué)的研究結(jié)果顯示,帕米磷酸鈉治療的主要作用是提高骨皮質(zhì)的厚度[21]。相反,該藥物對(duì)骨小梁厚度的影響尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)。治療過程中,由于骨小梁的增長(zhǎng),也導(dǎo)致了松質(zhì)骨數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)。
成骨不全癥的成年患者通過靜脈注射帕米磷酸鈉,或相似的二磷酸鹽--奈立磷酸鈉,也可以獲得很好的效果。在一個(gè)開放的對(duì)照研究中,Adami指出[22],靜脈注射奈立磷酸鈉可以增加脊柱及髖部的骨礦密度。更重要的是,骨折的發(fā)生率較治療前顯著降低。
抗骨吸收的藥物,如二磷酸鹽,不可避免地將會(huì)減弱骨骼的重塑能力,并影響骨骼的塑形或成形[23]。在生長(zhǎng)過程中,重塑能力的持續(xù)下降也是有害的,殘余的礦化的生長(zhǎng)板軟骨積聚于松質(zhì)骨內(nèi)。鈣化的軟骨具有較高的礦質(zhì)密度,從而可以提高密度的測(cè)量結(jié)果,但是抗骨折能力與正常骨骼相比較弱。低重塑能力可以導(dǎo)致微損傷后的骨組織修復(fù)延遲。最后,當(dāng)骨代謝抑制過度,骨折的修復(fù)將受到損害。這種可能性必須在臨床試驗(yàn)中監(jiān)測(cè)。
目前,關(guān)于應(yīng)用二磷酸鹽治療中度至重度成骨不全癥,有些重要問題尚未解決。這種治療方法的長(zhǎng)期受益如何?接受帕米磷酸鈉治療的最佳時(shí)間是多久,既可以獲得最佳治療效果,又可以將潛在的長(zhǎng)期用藥的副作用控制到最小范圍?治療中斷以后的后果是什么?其他的二磷酸鹽,無(wú)論是靜脈注射或口服用藥,是否和帕米磷酸鈉一樣有效?這些問題只有經(jīng)過大規(guī)模的臨床試驗(yàn),并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)估以后才能得到解答。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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