雷華
【摘 要】虛擬語(yǔ)氣是英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)表明說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、請(qǐng)求、建議、假想及一些不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。其表達(dá)的方式多種多樣,是學(xué)生語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的一大難點(diǎn)。本文就虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一些用法歸納如下,以幫助解決虛擬語(yǔ)氣這個(gè)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】虛擬語(yǔ)氣;形式;用法
一、最基本的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型(以if引導(dǎo)的從句)
1、虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),其if 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。
如:If he were free, he would help us.
If he studied at this school, he would know you well.
2、虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用過(guò)去完成時(shí)即had +過(guò)去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過(guò)去分詞。
如:If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.
If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.
3、虛擬將來(lái)時(shí)是表示對(duì)將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的或不確定的假設(shè)。If 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用一般過(guò)去式或用were to / should +動(dòng)詞原形,主句用would /should/could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。
如:If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time.
If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
4、注意事項(xiàng)
4.1在if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中,引導(dǎo)詞if 可以省略,但同時(shí)需要將從句倒裝,即將從句中的助動(dòng)詞had, should, were 或be 等詞提到主語(yǔ)之前。
4.2 當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式依據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。
二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表示要求、建議、命令等的從句中的應(yīng)用
2.1 用在賓語(yǔ)從句中:advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅(jiān)決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動(dòng)詞所接的賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:(should) + 原形動(dòng)詞。如:
The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.
The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul.
但是,當(dāng)insist的意思為:“堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為,堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”;suggest的意思為:“表明,暗含,暗示”等時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句一般不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
2.2 用在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中:表示建議、命令、要求或想法、計(jì)劃等名詞后面的,其后的從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式為“(should) do”。
如:My request is that we(should)finish the work today.
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
2.3 用在主語(yǔ)從句中: 在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語(yǔ)從句中常使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:?should + 動(dòng)詞原形,主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不限。
句型:
(1)It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural…that…
(2)It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…
(3)It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that…
(4)It worries me that…
如:It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. It is strange that he should not come.
三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在特殊句式中的使用
1、在lest \for fear that (以免) \incase (以防) 從句中用should + 動(dòng)詞原形,should 可以省略。
如:He took an umbrella with him lest he (should) be caught in a shower.
He studied very hard for fear (that) he should fail in the entrance examination.
Please remind me of it in case (that) I should forget.
2、用于wish 后的that 從句中:在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去式(常含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could或would);過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成式。
如:How I wish I could fly to the moon.
He wishes I had come yesterday.
3、用于定語(yǔ)從句中:在定語(yǔ)從句It is (high) time (that)句型中,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,意為“(現(xiàn)在) 該”。
如: It is time we had / should have lunch.
Its (high) time I went and picked up my little girl from school.
4、在would rather,would sooner,would just as soon 后的that 從句中,用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式,表示“寧愿做什么”。
5、在if only 感嘆句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與wish 賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬形式相同.
6、含有介詞without, but for, except for短語(yǔ)的句子,謂語(yǔ)常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作用“should或would + 動(dòng)詞原形”,過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用“should或would have + 過(guò)去詞”。如:
(1)But for Chairman Mao, we should at least be wandering about in the darkness.
(2)Without your advice, I would have failed.
7、用于as if / as though\even if\even though 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中:表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,用過(guò)去式;表示過(guò)去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況,用過(guò)去完成式。注:在as if / as though 句中,如果有可能成為事實(shí),用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
總之,虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一個(gè)相對(duì)復(fù)雜難解的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,困惑許多學(xué)習(xí)者。面對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣,不能生硬的照搬,需要多做多練,結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境靈活的去理解和使用。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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[2]張軍濤.英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣及用法[J].牡丹江教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2004(1):71-72.
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