程小成,張國(guó)中,楊佳,鄒紅鈺,劉增長(zhǎng)
對(duì)比冷凍消融和射頻消融治療房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速的薈萃分析*
程小成**,張國(guó)中,楊佳,鄒紅鈺,劉增長(zhǎng)
目的:本研究旨在對(duì)比冷凍消融和射頻消融治療房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(AVNRT)的有效性和安全性。
房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速;冷凍消融;射頻消融;薈萃分析
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2014,29:1005.)
房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過(guò)速(AVNRT)是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的心律失常之一。射頻消融因其極高的成功率和良好的安全性已經(jīng)被推薦為治療AVNRT的一線方式[1,2]。然而,在射頻消融過(guò)程中卻有無(wú)意損傷房室結(jié)導(dǎo)致永久性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯(AVB)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),該并發(fā)癥的報(bào)道波動(dòng)在0.8%~3.0%不等[1,3,4]。在過(guò)去的十余年中,冷凍能量逐漸成為可能代替射頻能量用于治療心律失常的新能源[5]。射頻消融成功與否往往只能在組織形成永久損傷后才能做出準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估,與之相反,冷凍能量在合適的溫度下,能在組織永久變性之前對(duì)其消融效果進(jìn)行預(yù)判,并且在消融過(guò)程中對(duì)組織的侵襲性更小,加之冷凍導(dǎo)管可以黏附在心內(nèi)膜,從而減少導(dǎo)管移動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。理論上,冷凍消融潛在的有效性和安全性可能優(yōu)于射頻消融,然而眾多臨床研究的結(jié)果仍然具有爭(zhēng)議。鑒于此,本研究對(duì)近年來(lái)發(fā)表有關(guān)于此的臨床研究進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的二次分析,以評(píng)價(jià)冷凍消融和射頻消融治療AVNRT的有效性和安全性。
數(shù)據(jù)檢索 本研究對(duì)Medline、Cochrane and Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性搜索,以便能檢索出所有有關(guān)冷凍治療AVNRT的臨床研究,檢索截止日期到2014-05。檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括:atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRT, supraventricular tachycardia,cryoablation,icemapping,cryoenergy。檢索語(yǔ)言局限于英語(yǔ)。
納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 本研究主要臨床終點(diǎn)為對(duì)比冷凍消融和射頻消融的即刻成功率、復(fù)發(fā)率和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率,次要終點(diǎn)為對(duì)比兩者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、X線透視時(shí)間。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①為了能真實(shí)反映AVNRT的復(fù)發(fā)率,隨訪時(shí)間需大于2個(gè)月;②研究樣本量大于20例;③納入的研究需至少提供一個(gè)主要臨床終點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)資料。
資料提取與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 本薈萃分析遵循PRISMA組聲明[6]。兩名作者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行資料提取,有不同意見(jiàn)的地方進(jìn)行商議決定。納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(RCT)使用Delphi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)[7],對(duì)非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)使用Newcastle-Ottawa Quality(NOS)評(píng)分[8]。NOS評(píng)分從納入人群的選擇、組間可比較性和暴露因素的測(cè)量三方面進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),包括9個(gè)問(wèn)題共計(jì)9分。納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究和NOS評(píng)分大于6分的回顧性研究視為高質(zhì)量研究。最終5篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究和14篇回顧性研究入選。研究總?cè)巳? 900例,其中1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 二分類變量使用比值比(OR)作為統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo),連續(xù)性變量使用加權(quán)均數(shù)差異(WMD)作為統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo),并對(duì)每個(gè)研究的95%可信區(qū)間(CI)進(jìn)行描述。使用Q檢驗(yàn)評(píng)估各研究之間的異質(zhì)性,統(tǒng)計(jì)量I2值代表研究間異質(zhì)性的大小(0~100%)。當(dāng)I2<50%使用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析,但I(xiàn)2≥50%使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。研究的主要臨床終點(diǎn)根據(jù)如下研究特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行亞組分析:①是否為隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究; ②患者平均年齡是否大于18歲;③是否為高質(zhì)量研究;④冷凍組是否使用4 mm導(dǎo)管。使用森林圖對(duì)即刻成功率和復(fù)發(fā)率的發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并使用Bgge和Egger檢驗(yàn)對(duì)每個(gè)臨床終點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,分析過(guò)程使用Review Manager 5.0和STATA 12.0。
2.1納入研究的基線特征
初步檢索出476篇研究,經(jīng)過(guò)逐一評(píng)估,最終納入19篇臨床對(duì)照研究共計(jì)2 900例患者[9-27]。其中5篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究[10,11,20,24,27],14篇回顧性研究,1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組。13篇研究共2 387例患者涉及成人,余下為兒科研究[13,15,16,18,21,26]。在整體人群中,冷凍組5篇研究使用4 mm導(dǎo)管[9-11,15,23],7篇使用6 mm導(dǎo)管,4篇使用4 mm和6 mm兩種導(dǎo)管[13,14,16,18],1篇使用8 mm導(dǎo)管[24],2篇資料缺失[12,22]。經(jīng)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)后,6篇視為低質(zhì)量研究(NOS評(píng)分<7分)[9,12,13,18,22,23]。表 1
2.2即刻成功率
納入的17篇研究提供即刻成功率的詳細(xì)資料,共計(jì)2 519例患者。其中,僅1篇研究報(bào)道冷凍組即刻成功率明顯低于射頻組[14],總體結(jié)果顯示,冷凍組即刻成功率較射頻組略低(95.3% vs 97.1%, OR: 0.63; 95%CI 0.42~0.96, P<0.05), 研究之間沒(méi)有明顯的異質(zhì)性(I2=0%,P=0.59)。余下的研究中,兩組之間均沒(méi)有顯著性差異。圖1
2.3復(fù)發(fā)率
納入的18篇研究提供AVNRT復(fù)發(fā)率的詳細(xì)資料,共計(jì)2 661例患者。冷凍組經(jīng)過(guò)平均13.5月的隨訪后,124例 (10.1%)患者AVNRT復(fù)發(fā),射頻組經(jīng)過(guò)平均14.1月的隨訪后,49例 (3.4%)患者復(fù)發(fā)??傮w結(jié)果顯示,冷凍組患者復(fù)發(fā)率較射頻組更高(10.1% vs 3.4%, OR: 2.89; 95%CI 2.05~4.06,P<0.01), 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。研究之間沒(méi)有明顯的 異質(zhì)性 (I2= 0%, P=0.94)。圖2
表1 19篇臨床對(duì)照納入研究的基線特征
2.4消融誘導(dǎo)的永久性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯
納入的所有研究均提供永久性AVB發(fā)生率的詳細(xì)資料。冷凍組僅Avari等[16]報(bào)道1例9歲男孩術(shù)后發(fā)生并伴有癥狀的永久性I°AVB。然而射頻組23 例(1.52%)患者發(fā)生永久性AVB,其中11例(0.73%)發(fā)生高度永久性AVB(II°II或III°)需要植入永久性起搏器。總體結(jié)果顯示,冷凍組與射頻組比顯著減少了永久性AVB的發(fā)生率(0.07% vs 1.52%, OR: 0.27; 95%CI 0.11~0.62,P<0.01)和永久性起搏器植入的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(0% vs 0.73%, OR: 0.30; 95%CI 0.11~0.88, P<0.05)。差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.5手術(shù)時(shí)間和X線透視時(shí)間
納入的16篇研究共計(jì)2 471臺(tái)手術(shù)報(bào)道手術(shù)時(shí)間,17篇研究共計(jì)2 568臺(tái)手術(shù)報(bào)道X線透視時(shí)間,總體結(jié)果顯示,冷凍組較射頻組平均每臺(tái)手術(shù)增加約11 min手術(shù)時(shí)間(WMD: 10.97 min; 95%CI 3.35~18.58,P<0.01; I2=81%,P<0.01),然而每臺(tái)手術(shù)縮短約3 min的X線透視時(shí)間(WMD: -3.36 min;95%CI -5.58~-1.15, P=0.003; I2=84%,P<0.01) 。差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
圖1 即刻成功率的森林圖
圖2 復(fù)發(fā)率的森林圖
2.6亞組分析
納入的16篇研究描述冷凍組導(dǎo)管大小情況,共計(jì)1 096例患者。其中479例使用4 mm導(dǎo)管(4 mm導(dǎo)管亞組),617例使用6 mm或8 mm導(dǎo)管(6 mm或8 mm導(dǎo)管亞組)。結(jié)果顯示,兩亞組之間即刻成功率(94.6% vs 95.3%, OR:0.96, 95%CI 0.96~1.02;P=0.59)和復(fù)發(fā)率(11.0% vs 10.0%, OR:1.11, 95%CI 0.77~1.59;P=0.59)均沒(méi)有顯著性不同。在成人或高質(zhì)量的亞組中,即刻成功率、復(fù)發(fā)率和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率三個(gè)主要終點(diǎn)結(jié)果與總體結(jié)果保持一致。在隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究亞組中,冷凍組復(fù)發(fā)率較射頻組仍然顯著更高(9.5% vs 3.6%,OR:2.85,95%CI 1.57~5.15;P<0.01),而即刻成功率(96.9% vs 97.8%, OR:0.71,95%CI 0.32~1.58;P=0.40)和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率(0% vs 1.1%,OR:0.33,95%CI 0.03~3.22;P=0.34)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。表 2
表2 根據(jù)研究設(shè)計(jì)、人群特征和研究質(zhì)量對(duì)兩種消融的主要臨床終點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析的結(jié)果
2.7發(fā)表偏倚
對(duì)即刻成功率和復(fù)發(fā)率兩個(gè)臨床終點(diǎn),評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖提示兩側(cè)對(duì)稱,表明沒(méi)有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚存在。本文分析的五個(gè)臨床終點(diǎn),Begg檢驗(yàn)和Egger檢驗(yàn)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(急性成功率: PEgger=0.79,PBegg=0.75;復(fù)發(fā)率:PEgger=0.76,PBegg=0.54;永久性AVB:PEgger=0.31,PBegg=1;手術(shù)時(shí)間:PEgger=0.89,PBegg=0.84;X線透視時(shí)間:PEgger=0.26,PBegg=0.09)。
即刻成功率:從國(guó)際射頻消融的資料顯示[1,28,29],射頻消融治療AVNRT的即刻成功率高達(dá)95%~99%,這與本研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)吻合(97.1%)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)冷凍消融的即刻成功率略低于射頻消融(95.3%),這也與先前大多數(shù)研究報(bào)道的數(shù)據(jù)相似[10,15,19]。與之相反,先前有學(xué)者報(bào)道冷凍消融的成功率僅85%左右[14,30,31],這可能是部分受學(xué)習(xí)曲線作用的影響。
復(fù)發(fā)率:冷凍組和射頻組隨訪時(shí)間沒(méi)有顯著性差異,然而冷凍組顯著更多的患者復(fù)發(fā)AVNRT。先前的數(shù)個(gè)研究[1,2,29]和一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[32]顯示射頻消融治療AVNRT的復(fù)發(fā)率波動(dòng)在3%~7%,這與本文保持一致(3.4%)。然而研究報(bào)道冷凍消融治療AVNRT的復(fù)發(fā)率較射頻消融明顯更高,波動(dòng)在7%~20%[10,14,20]。導(dǎo)致冷凍消融高復(fù)發(fā)率最可能的原因是,一方面冷凍消融易形成同質(zhì)病灶,缺乏大的組織壞死區(qū)域。另一方面冷凍消融后組織仍保留完整性,導(dǎo)致組織更容易再生和缺乏后期的纖維收縮效應(yīng),一旦冷凍導(dǎo)管引起的組織水腫消失,形成的病灶比射頻消融小。理論上講,適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾訉?dǎo)管大小形成更大的病灶,可能會(huì)提高冷凍消融的長(zhǎng)期有效性。然而本文分析顯示6 mm和8 mm導(dǎo)管并沒(méi)有改善短期成功率和減少AVNRT復(fù)發(fā)率,因此如何改進(jìn)冷凍消融的長(zhǎng)期有效性可能從消融方式和消融終點(diǎn)研究更為合理。
永久性AVB:不經(jīng)意的永久性AVB是射頻消融治療AVNRT的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在本文的總體人群中,該并發(fā)癥為1.52%,較之于早期報(bào)道的發(fā)生率并沒(méi)有顯著性改善(0.8%~3.0%)[1,3,4]。換言之,射頻消融治療AVNRT的成功率穩(wěn)步上升,然而相應(yīng)的并沒(méi)有顯著減少永久性AVB的發(fā)生率。亞組分析也發(fā)現(xiàn)在成人或高質(zhì)量研究的亞組中,永久性AVB的發(fā)生率與總體結(jié)果相似。冷凍能量能在消融前進(jìn)行冷凍標(biāo)測(cè)可能是避免房室結(jié)損傷的主要原因,冷凍標(biāo)測(cè)是指,在形成永久性病灶之前能夠?qū)M織的功能做出評(píng)估[5,33]。這方面與射頻消融相反,射頻消融的效應(yīng)僅能在形成永久性病灶之后進(jìn)行評(píng)估。因此,即使消融靶點(diǎn)靠近間隔部位的患者進(jìn)行冷凍消融也極少發(fā)生永久性AVB[34]。然而值得注意的是,在回顧性研究中射頻組導(dǎo)致永久性AVB明顯較冷凍組多。這可能是因?yàn)樵诨仡櫺匝芯恐?,納入射頻組的患者做消融的時(shí)間明顯較冷凍組更早,手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、技術(shù)較研究當(dāng)時(shí)會(huì)有一定差異。而在隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中,兩組之間的手術(shù)時(shí)間基本一致,因此永久性AVB的發(fā)生率沒(méi)有顯著性不同。
手術(shù)時(shí)間和X線透視時(shí)間:與先前大多數(shù)臨床研究結(jié)果一致[17,22,33],冷凍消融較射頻消融平均增加了約11 min的手術(shù)時(shí)間。這可能是因?yàn)槔鋬鱿诤蟪0橛?0 min的觀察時(shí)間,并且在消融前常需要標(biāo)測(cè)多個(gè)靶點(diǎn)[12,20,21]。隨著導(dǎo)管消融治療心律失常的日益增多,對(duì)介入工作者和患者而言,如何減少X線透視時(shí)間也是一個(gè)重要目標(biāo)[35]。本文發(fā)現(xiàn)冷凍消融減少約3 min的X線透視時(shí)間,部分原因可能是冷凍消融過(guò)程中的冷凍黏附現(xiàn)象,使操作者在手術(shù)過(guò)程中能短暫的停止X線透視,但近年來(lái)隨著射頻三維導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,射頻消融AVNRT的射線時(shí)間和劑量得到極大的減少,甚至部分研究報(bào)道“零射線”[36-38]。
研究局限:本薈萃分析有如下局限性:第一,納入的研究中,只有5個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,其他均為回顧性研究。第二,研究中入選兒科患者僅513例,因此對(duì)于兒科患者,有待進(jìn)一步證實(shí)本研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。第三,冷凍組僅20例患者使用8 mm導(dǎo)管[25],因此本研究并不能很好的評(píng)價(jià)8 mm冷凍導(dǎo)管治療AVNRT的安全性和有效性。
本薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管在安全性方面,冷凍消融有效的避免了發(fā)生永久性AVB的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而在有效性方面,冷凍消融治療AVNRT的即刻成功率和長(zhǎng)期成功率均顯著低于射頻消融。除此之外,更大冷凍導(dǎo)管似乎并沒(méi)有改善AVNRT的即刻和長(zhǎng)期成功率。
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Comparison Between Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Treating the Patients With Atrio-ventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia by Meta-analysis
CHENG Xiao-cheng***, ZHANG Guo-zhong, YANG Jia, ZOU Hong-yu, LIU Zeng-zhang.
Department of Cardiology, Second Aff i liated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing (400010), China
LIU Zeng-zhang, Email: liuzeng@163.com
Objective: The compare the safety and efficacy between cryoablation (CRYO) and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for treating the patients with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) by meta-analysis.Methods: We systemically searched the Medline, Cochrane library and Embase database to fulf i ll our pre-def i ned criteria until the publication of May 2014.Results: There were 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 14 retrospective trials enrolled in our study with 2900 patients. The patients were allocated into 2 groups: CRYO group, n=1384 and RFCA group, n=1516. The overall pool-analysis demonstrated that compared with RFCA group, CRYO group had the lower risk of permanent atrio-ventricular nodal block (OR: 0.27, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.62, P<0.01) and shorter X-ray exposure time (WMD: -3.36, 95% CI -5.58 to -1.15, P<0.01); while CRYO group had the lower immediate procedural success rate (OR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.96, P<0.05), longer procedural time (WMD: 10.97, 95% CI 3.35 to 18.58, P< 0.01), and higher long-term arrhythmia recurrence rate (OR: 2.89, 95% CI 2.05 to 4.06, P<0.01).Conclusion: Although CRYO could decrease the risk of permanent atrio-ventricular nodal block, while its effectiveness was lower than RFCA for AVNRT treatment in relevant patients.
Atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; Cryoablation; Radiofrequency catheter ablation; Meta analysis
2014-05-28)
(編輯:漆利萍)
重慶市衛(wèi)生局科研基金資助項(xiàng)目(2009-2-171)
401320 重慶市,重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院 心血管內(nèi)科
程小成 住院醫(yī)師 碩士 主要從事心律失常研究 Email:chengxiao860203@126.com**現(xiàn)在重慶市巴南區(qū)人民醫(yī)院 心血管內(nèi)科***Now working at Chongqing City Bananqu People's Hospital 通訊作者:劉增長(zhǎng) Email:liuzeng666@163.com
R541
A
1000-3614(2014)12-1005-06
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2014.12.012
方法:對(duì)Medline、The Cochrane Library、Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性檢索,檢索截止時(shí)間為2014-05,納入滿足選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究。
結(jié)果:最終5篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究和14篇回顧性研究入選。研究總?cè)巳? 900例,其中1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組??傮w結(jié)果顯示,與射頻消融相比,盡管冷凍消融減少永久性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯(AVB)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR: 0.27; 95%CI 0.11 ~ 0.62, P<0.01) 和X線透視時(shí)間(WMD: -3.36; 95%CI -5.58 ~ -1.15, P<0.01),但冷凍消融的即刻成功率略低(OR: 0.63; 95%CI 0.42 ~ 0.96, P<0.05),花費(fèi)更長(zhǎng)的手術(shù)時(shí)間(WMD: 10.97; 95%CI 3.35 ~ 18.58, P<0.01),而且復(fù)發(fā)率明顯更高 (OR: 2.89; 95%CI 2.05 ~ 4.06, P<0.01)。
結(jié)論:雖然冷凍消融治療AVNRT減少房室阻滯的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但有效性低于射頻消融。