許華+王建(等)
[摘要] 目的 探討含笑內(nèi)酯對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎DBA/1小鼠模型的治療作用。 方法 將40只6周齡雄性DBA/1小鼠隨機分為4組:未處理的空白對照組(Nor組)、誘導(dǎo)發(fā)病并注射甲氨蝶呤藥物的甲氨蝶呤治療組(MTX組)、誘導(dǎo)發(fā)病并注射含笑內(nèi)酯的實驗組(MCL組)和誘導(dǎo)發(fā)病并注射DMSO的模型對照組(Con組),用牛Ⅱ型膠原法誘導(dǎo)MTX、Con和MCL組小鼠發(fā)病建立類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型;在二次免疫注射24 h后開始隔天腹腔注射給藥并對小鼠體重和關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病情況進行隔天觀察,給藥28次后停止用藥,眼球取血、蛋白芯片測血清中細胞因子,處死小鼠取爪子及膝蓋做組織病理學(xué)檢查。 結(jié)果 成功構(gòu)建了DBA/1小鼠類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型;各組小鼠之間體重差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);關(guān)節(jié)炎評價顯示MCL組低于Con組(P < 0.01),高于MTX組(P < 0.01);病理結(jié)果顯示Nor組小鼠組織正常,Con組受累關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)炎癥細胞浸潤、滑膜增生、炎性肉芽組織形成、壞死組織等癥狀,MCL組與MTX組受累關(guān)節(jié)僅出現(xiàn)輕于Con組的炎癥細胞侵潤、滑膜增生等癥狀;小鼠血清細胞因子檢測結(jié)果共顯示出6種細胞因子:C5/C5a、TIMP-1、M-CSF、sICAM-1、IFN-γ和BLC;Con組的類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠中C5/C5a、TIMP-1和M-CSF表達量降低,經(jīng)含笑內(nèi)酯治療的MCL組中這些因子均有不同程度的恢復(fù)(P < 0.01),僅僅在MCL組中檢測到BLC表達。 結(jié)論 含笑內(nèi)酯對小鼠DBA/1類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎具有治療作用,C5/C5a、TIMP-1、M-CSF和BLC等因子在這一過程發(fā)揮不同的作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 含笑內(nèi)酯;類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型; DBA/1;甲氨蝶呤
[中圖分類號] R593.22 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)01(c)-0004-05
Therapeutic effects of micheliolide on collagen-induced arthritis in mice
XU Hua1 WANG Jian1 WANG Chijuan1 ZHANG Liyuan2 CHANG Guoqiang1 LIN Ya'ni1 ZHANG Hongju1 ZHANG Yujuan1 ZHANG Hairui1 LI Qinghua1 PANG Tianxiang1
1.State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; 2.Department of Emergency, Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of micheliolide (MCL) in the DBA/1 mice CIA model. Methods 40 cases of 6 weeks of DBA/1 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. The normal control group (group Nor) did not receive any treatment, the other three groups were induced to arthritis model by using immunization grade bovine type Ⅱ collegen: 24 hours after the secondary immunization began to intraperitoneal injection by two days once, the positive control group (group MTX) was treated with methotrexate (MTX), the experiment group (group MCL) was treated with MCL, while the negative control group (group Con) was treated with DMSO. On the first intraperitoneal injection day, the four groups' mice on their weight and the evaluation of arthritis were began to test for once two days. Administration after having 28 times intraperitoneal injection was stopped for 4 times of test. The blood for mouse cytokine array test was taken, the mice were executed, the paws were taken and the pathology analysis was did. Results It was successed for building the CIA mice model; the result of weight test showed that there had no difference between each group (P > 0.05); the evaluation of arthritis displayed that the MCL group was lower than that in the group Con (P < 0.01) and higher than the group MTX (P < 0.01); the pathological result showed that the normal joint tissue present from the group Nor, the synovitis cell infiltration, the hyperplasia of synovial cell, formation of granulation tissue and the necrotic tissue are present in the group Con, while the group MCL and the group MTX only presented synovitis cell infiltration, the hyperplasia of synovial cell and so on, and both of them were milder than the group Con; there were six cytokines tested in this experiment, and they were marked as 1 to 6. Cytokine 1 to 6 were all shown in the four groups, they were C5/C5a, TIMP-1, M-CSF, sICAM-1, IFN-γ, BLC. The result of M-CSF and TIMP-1 are the same to C5/C5a, which were lower in the group Con mice with arthritis, all of them had recovery at different degrees in the group MCL (P < 0.01); BLC only presented in the MCL group. Conclusion MCL has therapeutic effect on arthritis and C5/C5a, TIMP-1, M-CSF, BLC may contribute to this procedure.
[Key words] MCL; CIA; DBA/1; MTX
類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種全身性自身免疫性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為慢性、對稱性、進行性多關(guān)節(jié)炎[1]。類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎以關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎為特征,反復(fù)持久發(fā)作,可導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)軟骨和骨破壞,關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙,甚至殘廢。類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病呈全球性分布,我國的發(fā)病率為0.32%~0.36%[2]。目前副作用較小的治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的藥物不多,相關(guān)藥物還有待于進一步研究。
含笑內(nèi)酯(micheliolide,MCL)是近幾年研究者從70多種藥物中篩選出來的一種小分子化合物,其主要成分為倍半萜內(nèi)酯[3],它可以用小白菊內(nèi)酯為原料,在一定的溶劑和溫度下反應(yīng)得到[4]。含笑內(nèi)酯衍生于小白菊內(nèi)酯,其活性與小白菊內(nèi)酯相當(dāng),但它在血漿中穩(wěn)定性比小白菊內(nèi)酯高,成本比小白菊內(nèi)酯低[5],因此更適于作為臨床藥物研究。在此次研究中,筆者構(gòu)建了類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎DBA/1小鼠模型,并用MCL和MTX來治療小鼠,從而探究MCL對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療效果是否可靠。同時應(yīng)用蛋白芯片,檢測MTX治療后小鼠血清中細胞因子的變化?,F(xiàn)報道如下:
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗材料
DBA/1小鼠購自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司;牛Ⅱ型膠原、費氏完全佐劑、費氏不完全佐劑購自chondrex公司;MCL由南開大學(xué)藥學(xué)院陳悅教授提供;甲氨蝶呤(Methotrexate,MTX)注射液購自山西普德藥業(yè)股份有限公司,DMSO 購自天津市風(fēng)船化學(xué)試劑科技有限公司,小鼠細胞因子檢測試劑盒購自R&D公司。
1.2 構(gòu)建類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎DBA/1小鼠模型
訂購40只SPF級DBA/1小鼠,6周齡,雄性;SPF級飼養(yǎng)1周,讓小鼠熟悉環(huán)境,對小鼠進行編號并隨機分為四組:空白對照組(Nor組)、模型對照組(Con組)、甲氨蝶呤治療組(MTX組)和實驗組(MCL組),每組10只。其中Nor組小鼠不作任何處理,對其他三組小鼠進行造模:將2 mg/mL牛Ⅱ型膠原與1 mg/mL費氏完全佐劑等體積混合乳化,使得牛Ⅱ型膠原終濃度為1 mg/mL。對7周齡小鼠進行初次免疫,每只小鼠尾根部皮下注射100 μL牛Ⅱ型膠原的費氏完全佐劑混合液,并記為造模第0天;在造模第21天,將100 μL含100 μg牛Ⅱ型膠原的費氏不完全試劑混合液注入小鼠尾根部皮下,進行加強免疫[2,6-7]。
1.3 給藥觀察
造模第22天開始對三組造模小鼠進行腹腔注射給藥,根據(jù)前期預(yù)實驗的結(jié)果確定MCL組給予溶解于DMSO的MCL藥物濃度為30 mg/kg,MTX組給予溶于生理鹽水的MTX的濃度為6.6 mg/kg[8],Con組注射等量的溶劑DMSO,隔天給藥,給藥28 d。造模第23天開始隔天對小鼠進行體重檢測和關(guān)節(jié)炎癥狀評價。其中關(guān)節(jié)炎癥狀評價包括前后抓足掌厚度測定和關(guān)節(jié)炎評分兩方面。關(guān)節(jié)炎評分標(biāo)準:正常為0分;輕微的但有明確的發(fā)紅和腕關(guān)節(jié)或踝關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)炎為1分;中等程度的發(fā)紅和腕關(guān)節(jié)或踝關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)炎為2分;整個爪子包括腳趾嚴重的發(fā)紅發(fā)炎記為3分;涉及多關(guān)節(jié),四肢的最大程度的紅腫、關(guān)節(jié)變形、功能損傷為4分。四只爪子得分相加為小鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎總評分[9]。
1.4 眼球取血分離血清
給藥停止后繼續(xù)隔日觀察8 d,對小鼠進行摘除眼球采血,分離血清并保存于-20℃。
1.5 制備病理標(biāo)本
解剖小鼠,取爪子、膝蓋,剔除結(jié)締組織、肌肉組織,浸泡在4%甲醛溶液中進行組織固定,石蠟包埋,切片,HE染色,封片,病理分析,選取爪關(guān)節(jié)、膝關(guān)節(jié)進行半定量評分。每個關(guān)節(jié)的半定量評分標(biāo)準為:0分:關(guān)節(jié)具有正常的結(jié)構(gòu),如關(guān)節(jié)間隙、軟骨、骨以及滑膜組織等;1分:關(guān)節(jié)組織中有纖毛形成和輕度的關(guān)節(jié)炎癥并有滑膜增生,血管數(shù)量增加,以及小的炎癥細胞灶,無軟骨和骨的侵蝕破壞;2分:關(guān)節(jié)有軟骨的侵蝕破壞,中度的關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,大量的炎癥細胞浸潤,滑膜細胞增生、血管翳形成較嚴重,骨和關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)無破壞;3分:有嚴重的血管翳形成,廣泛的軟骨侵蝕破壞,可見骨破壞,關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞[10-11]。
1.6 血清內(nèi)細胞因子檢測
取硝酸纖維素膜浸泡,水平振蕩封閉1 h;取1 mL樣品混勻,每個樣品管內(nèi)加15 μL檢測抗體混合液并在室溫下孵育1 h;將硝酸纖維素膜浸泡在樣品與抗體混合液中4℃孵育過夜,漂洗3次,室溫下二抗孵育30 min,漂洗3次,化學(xué)發(fā)光法顯色,凝膠成像儀對結(jié)果掃描。根據(jù)說明書用photoshop圖像分析軟件計算平均像素值,三組模型組的平均像素值與Nor組進行比值分析作為細胞因子的表達量值,每個樣本至少重復(fù)3次。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計軟件GraphPad Prism 5對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎DBA/1小鼠模型的構(gòu)建
實驗中對DBA/1小鼠進行造模實驗,小鼠均在造模第29天開始相繼發(fā)病,造模成功率為93%。
2.2 DBA/1小鼠體重檢測
通過對四組小鼠體重情況的檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),各組小鼠的體重之間均未見明顯差異且隨著實驗的進行,單只小鼠的體重也未見明顯變化。且未發(fā)現(xiàn)MCT對DBA/1小鼠的毒性作用和生活狀態(tài)的不良影響。見表1。
2.3 DBA/1關(guān)節(jié)炎評價檢測
通過對三組造模小鼠的足掌厚度變化和關(guān)節(jié)炎評分的觀察顯示,小鼠大多在造模第29天開始發(fā)病,紅腫癥狀多見于后肢趾間關(guān)節(jié)、踝關(guān)節(jié)并累及前肢,其中MTX組關(guān)節(jié)炎評價得分在三組中最低,Con組的得分最高,MCL組的得分處于中間位置。結(jié)果表明MCL對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎有一定的治療作用。見表2、3。
2.4 病理分析結(jié)果
對四組小鼠的爪子,膝蓋進行石蠟包埋,HE染色處理后觀察到Nor組未見明顯變化;Con組的切片顯示滑膜細胞增生明顯,呈多層細胞,排列紊亂,炎癥細胞浸潤(圖1D),有炎性肉芽組織形成,纖維母細胞、毛細血管增生(圖1E),纖維組織增生與關(guān)節(jié)軟骨粘連,關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織大量炎癥細胞浸潤,有的小鼠關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)有壞死組織出現(xiàn)(圖1F),病理評分結(jié)果為(4.25±0.25)分;NTX治療的MTX組病理結(jié)果為關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎癥細胞浸潤,纖維組織增生(圖1G),關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織炎癥細胞浸潤(圖1H),關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)炎癥細胞及變性組織(圖1I),病理評分結(jié)果為(1.75±0.50)分;而含笑內(nèi)酯治療的MCL組小鼠結(jié)果顯示與MTX組結(jié)果類似為關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)炎癥細胞和變性組織(圖1J),關(guān)節(jié)軟骨未見明顯改變,滑膜細胞增生、腫脹,滑膜炎癥細胞浸潤(圖1K),關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織炎癥細胞浸潤(圖1L),病理評分結(jié)果為(2.00±0.81)分。Con組、MTX組與MCL組三組之間兩兩比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
2.5 血清內(nèi)細胞因子檢測結(jié)果
四組小鼠血清中檢測出C5/C5a、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制因子(TIMP-1)、巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)、 可溶性細胞黏附因子(sICAM-1)、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)和B細胞趨化因子(BLC)等6種細胞因子。C5/C5a和M-CSF在Con組的表達量最低,在MTX組的表達量最高而在MCL組中的表達量則處于Con組和MTX組之間;TIMP-1在MCL組和MTX組的表達量均比Con組高與Nor組水平相當(dāng)略偏高;sICAM-1結(jié)果為MCL組最低;IFN-γ只在Nor組有顯示、BLC只顯示在MCL組,該兩種細胞因子未標(biāo)注在定量分析圖上。四組小鼠血清中檢測出C5/C5a、TIMP-1、M-CSF、sICAM-1、IFN-γ和BLC等細胞因子,依次編號為1~6。MCL組與Con組比較C5/C5a表達量增高(P < 0.01);MCL組與MTX組比較,C5/C5a表達量也增高(P < 0.01);MCL組和MTX組與Con組比較,TIMP-1表達量均增高(P < 0.01);MCL組與MTX組比較M-CSF表達量較低(P < 0.01);MCL組與Con組比較,M-CSF表達量增高(P < 0.01);sICAM-1在MCL組中表達量最低,MCL組與MTX組比較,sICAM-1表達量降低(P < 0.01);MCL組與Con組比較,sICAM-1表達量降低(P < 0.01);IFN-γ只在Nor組有表達;BLC只表達于MCL組。結(jié)果見表3、圖2。
表3 細胞因子檢測結(jié)果像素分析值(x±s)
注:依據(jù)芯片說明書將Nor組的細胞因子像素值視為1,表中結(jié)果為其他各組的相應(yīng)細胞因子像素值與Nor組做比值分析所得;與Con組比較,△△P < 0.01;與MTX組比較,**P < 0.01
3 討論
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎是一種全身性慢性侵蝕性關(guān)節(jié)炎為特征的自身免疫病[12],病變特點為滑膜炎,以及由此造成的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨和骨質(zhì)破壞,最終導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)畸形。該病分布于世界各地,未經(jīng)正規(guī)治療,約75%的患者會在3年之內(nèi)致殘。類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療方法有理療、藥物治療、外科手術(shù)等。其中藥物治療又包含非甾體抗炎藥、慢性抗風(fēng)濕藥、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素、生物制劑和中草藥等多種藥物,然而目前為止,還沒有哪種藥物不但可以很好的治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎而且還具有很小的毒副作用[13]。
MCL是新近研究出的小分子化合物。在此次實驗中,筆者通過建立類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎DBA/1小鼠模型,探究了MCL對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療作用。通過對四組小鼠的體重檢測、關(guān)節(jié)炎評價、病理切片觀察以及血清內(nèi)細胞因子檢測,得知在整個實驗過程中,小鼠的體重并未受到藥物治療的影響,表明MCL沒有干擾小鼠的正常生活狀態(tài)。關(guān)節(jié)炎評價中足掌厚度結(jié)果、關(guān)節(jié)炎評分結(jié)果均與病理切片評分結(jié)果一致,均顯示為MCL組小鼠整體得分低于Con組,處于MTX組和Con組之間,此結(jié)果證明MCL在治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎方面確實有一定的療效。在小鼠血清細胞因子檢測結(jié)果中, C5/C5a在Nor組中表達量最高,MTX組次之,MCL組接近與MTX組,而C5/C5a是機體免疫應(yīng)答的一部分在適應(yīng)性免疫中有一定的作用[14],提示MCL同MTX一樣均具有幫助機體恢復(fù)免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的作用。TIMP-1為基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制因子,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)是一類降解細胞外基質(zhì)的一類多肽家族,其高表達能促進細胞遷移和增殖[15-16]。在此實驗中,MCL組和MTX組中TIMP-1的表達水平與Nor組幾乎一致,提示含笑內(nèi)酯有效的抑制了相應(yīng)細胞的遷移和增殖,對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎起到了一定的治療作用。M-CSF為巨噬細胞集落刺激因子,是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的直接參與破骨細胞分化的兩種細胞因子之一。破骨細胞是骨細胞的一種,分解骨組織,行使骨吸收的功能,與成骨細胞在功能上相對應(yīng),二者協(xié)同,在骨骼發(fā)育和形成過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[17-18]。此實驗中,MCL組的M-CSF水平與略高于Con組,MTX組接近與Nor組且均較前兩組高,表明MTX都能夠在一定程度上恢復(fù)M-CSF的表達情況,從而在一定程度上恢復(fù)骨組織的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力,而MCL的療效略低于MTX。MCL組中sICAM-1的表達水平低于其他各組,表明MCL對一些細胞的穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)能力不是很強,MCL組出現(xiàn)了BLC的表達,說明MCL具有一定的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能。
綜上所述,MCL具有一定的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,能夠在一定程度上幫助機體恢復(fù)免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能。C5/C5a,TIMP-1等細胞因子可能在MCL對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的調(diào)節(jié)中起到一定的作用。
[參考文獻]
[1] 郝亮,孫紅勝,趙恒立.清肝祛濁劑對類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型大鼠治療作用的實驗研究[J].中國中醫(yī)急癥,2012,21(11):1772-1773.
[2] Hartog A,Hulsman J,Garssen J. Locomotion and muscle mass measures in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis [J]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2009,10:59.
[3] Andreas S,Oliver R. Synthesis of biologically active guaianolides with a trans-annulated lactone moiety [J]. Eur J Org Chem,2008,2008:2353-2364.
[4] Zhai JD,Li D,Long J,et al. Biomimetic semisynthesis of arglabin from parthenolide [J]. J Org Chem,2012,77(16):7103-7107.
[5] Zhang Q,Lu Y,Ding Y,et al. Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones,a source to discover agents that selectively inhibit acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells [J]. J Med Chem,2012,55(20):8757-8769.
[6] Jain A,Olsen HS,Vyzasatya R,et al. Fully recombinant lgG2a Fc multimers(stradomers TM) effectively treat collagen induced arthritis and prevent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in mice [J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2012,14(4):R192.
[7] Band DD,Latham KA,Rosloniec EF. Collagen-induced arthritis [J]. Nat Protoc,2007,2(5):1269-1275.
[8] Suszko A,Obminska MB. Influence of polysaccharide fractions isolated from Caitha palustris L.on the cellular immune response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.A comparison with methotrexate [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(1):109-117.
[9] Cuzzocrea S,Ayroldi E,Dipaola R,et al. Role of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family gene (GITR) in collagen-induced arthritis [J]. FASEB J,2005,19(10):1253-1265.
[10] Trentham DE,Townes AS,Kang AH. Autoimmunity to type Ⅱ collagen: an experimental model of arthritis [J]. J Exd Med,1977,146:857-868.
[11] 高薇,張榕,趙麗娟,等.JAK/STAT信號通路在大鼠類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型發(fā)病過程中的表達[J].中華風(fēng)濕病學(xué)雜志,2007,11(4):229-233.
[12] Xinqiang S,F(xiàn)ei L,Nan L,et al. Therapeutic efficacy of experimental rheumatoid arthritis with low-dose methotrexate by increasing partially CD4+CD25+Treg cells and inducing Th1 to Th2 shift in both cells and cytokines [J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2010,64(7):463-471.
[13] Zhang Y,Xu W,Li H,et al. Therapeutic effects of total alkaloids of tripterygium wilfordⅡ Hook f.on collagen-induced Arthritis in Rats [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(3):699-705.
[14] Tsuji RF,Kikuchi M,Askenase PW. Possible involvement of C5/C5a in the efferent and elicitation phases of contact sensitivity [J]. J Immunol,1996,156(12):4444-4450.
[15] Djafarzadeh R,Mojaat A,Vicente AB,et al. Exogenously added GPI-anchored tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) displays enhanced and novel biological activities [J]. Biol Chem,2004,385(7):655-663.
[16] Letra A,Ghaneh G,Zhao M,et al. MMP-7 and TIMP-1, new targets in predicting poor wound healing in apical periodontitis [J]. J Endod,2013,39(9):1141-1146.
[17] 趙為公,王瑩,邱希江,等.細菌脂多糖對破骨細胞發(fā)育的抑制作用研究[J].中日友好醫(yī)院學(xué)報,2013,27(1):30-33.
[18] Souza PP,Lerner UH. The role of cytokines in inflammatory bone loss [J]. Immunol Invest,2013,42(7):555-622.
(收稿日期:2013-11-12 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)
[2] Hartog A,Hulsman J,Garssen J. Locomotion and muscle mass measures in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis [J]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2009,10:59.
[3] Andreas S,Oliver R. Synthesis of biologically active guaianolides with a trans-annulated lactone moiety [J]. Eur J Org Chem,2008,2008:2353-2364.
[4] Zhai JD,Li D,Long J,et al. Biomimetic semisynthesis of arglabin from parthenolide [J]. J Org Chem,2012,77(16):7103-7107.
[5] Zhang Q,Lu Y,Ding Y,et al. Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones,a source to discover agents that selectively inhibit acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells [J]. J Med Chem,2012,55(20):8757-8769.
[6] Jain A,Olsen HS,Vyzasatya R,et al. Fully recombinant lgG2a Fc multimers(stradomers TM) effectively treat collagen induced arthritis and prevent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in mice [J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2012,14(4):R192.
[7] Band DD,Latham KA,Rosloniec EF. Collagen-induced arthritis [J]. Nat Protoc,2007,2(5):1269-1275.
[8] Suszko A,Obminska MB. Influence of polysaccharide fractions isolated from Caitha palustris L.on the cellular immune response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.A comparison with methotrexate [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(1):109-117.
[9] Cuzzocrea S,Ayroldi E,Dipaola R,et al. Role of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family gene (GITR) in collagen-induced arthritis [J]. FASEB J,2005,19(10):1253-1265.
[10] Trentham DE,Townes AS,Kang AH. Autoimmunity to type Ⅱ collagen: an experimental model of arthritis [J]. J Exd Med,1977,146:857-868.
[11] 高薇,張榕,趙麗娟,等.JAK/STAT信號通路在大鼠類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型發(fā)病過程中的表達[J].中華風(fēng)濕病學(xué)雜志,2007,11(4):229-233.
[12] Xinqiang S,F(xiàn)ei L,Nan L,et al. Therapeutic efficacy of experimental rheumatoid arthritis with low-dose methotrexate by increasing partially CD4+CD25+Treg cells and inducing Th1 to Th2 shift in both cells and cytokines [J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2010,64(7):463-471.
[13] Zhang Y,Xu W,Li H,et al. Therapeutic effects of total alkaloids of tripterygium wilfordⅡ Hook f.on collagen-induced Arthritis in Rats [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(3):699-705.
[14] Tsuji RF,Kikuchi M,Askenase PW. Possible involvement of C5/C5a in the efferent and elicitation phases of contact sensitivity [J]. J Immunol,1996,156(12):4444-4450.
[15] Djafarzadeh R,Mojaat A,Vicente AB,et al. Exogenously added GPI-anchored tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) displays enhanced and novel biological activities [J]. Biol Chem,2004,385(7):655-663.
[16] Letra A,Ghaneh G,Zhao M,et al. MMP-7 and TIMP-1, new targets in predicting poor wound healing in apical periodontitis [J]. J Endod,2013,39(9):1141-1146.
[17] 趙為公,王瑩,邱希江,等.細菌脂多糖對破骨細胞發(fā)育的抑制作用研究[J].中日友好醫(yī)院學(xué)報,2013,27(1):30-33.
[18] Souza PP,Lerner UH. The role of cytokines in inflammatory bone loss [J]. Immunol Invest,2013,42(7):555-622.
(收稿日期:2013-11-12 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)
[2] Hartog A,Hulsman J,Garssen J. Locomotion and muscle mass measures in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis [J]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2009,10:59.
[3] Andreas S,Oliver R. Synthesis of biologically active guaianolides with a trans-annulated lactone moiety [J]. Eur J Org Chem,2008,2008:2353-2364.
[4] Zhai JD,Li D,Long J,et al. Biomimetic semisynthesis of arglabin from parthenolide [J]. J Org Chem,2012,77(16):7103-7107.
[5] Zhang Q,Lu Y,Ding Y,et al. Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones,a source to discover agents that selectively inhibit acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells [J]. J Med Chem,2012,55(20):8757-8769.
[6] Jain A,Olsen HS,Vyzasatya R,et al. Fully recombinant lgG2a Fc multimers(stradomers TM) effectively treat collagen induced arthritis and prevent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in mice [J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2012,14(4):R192.
[7] Band DD,Latham KA,Rosloniec EF. Collagen-induced arthritis [J]. Nat Protoc,2007,2(5):1269-1275.
[8] Suszko A,Obminska MB. Influence of polysaccharide fractions isolated from Caitha palustris L.on the cellular immune response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.A comparison with methotrexate [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(1):109-117.
[9] Cuzzocrea S,Ayroldi E,Dipaola R,et al. Role of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family gene (GITR) in collagen-induced arthritis [J]. FASEB J,2005,19(10):1253-1265.
[10] Trentham DE,Townes AS,Kang AH. Autoimmunity to type Ⅱ collagen: an experimental model of arthritis [J]. J Exd Med,1977,146:857-868.
[11] 高薇,張榕,趙麗娟,等.JAK/STAT信號通路在大鼠類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型發(fā)病過程中的表達[J].中華風(fēng)濕病學(xué)雜志,2007,11(4):229-233.
[12] Xinqiang S,F(xiàn)ei L,Nan L,et al. Therapeutic efficacy of experimental rheumatoid arthritis with low-dose methotrexate by increasing partially CD4+CD25+Treg cells and inducing Th1 to Th2 shift in both cells and cytokines [J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2010,64(7):463-471.
[13] Zhang Y,Xu W,Li H,et al. Therapeutic effects of total alkaloids of tripterygium wilfordⅡ Hook f.on collagen-induced Arthritis in Rats [J]. J Ethnopharmacol,2013,145(3):699-705.
[14] Tsuji RF,Kikuchi M,Askenase PW. Possible involvement of C5/C5a in the efferent and elicitation phases of contact sensitivity [J]. J Immunol,1996,156(12):4444-4450.
[15] Djafarzadeh R,Mojaat A,Vicente AB,et al. Exogenously added GPI-anchored tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) displays enhanced and novel biological activities [J]. Biol Chem,2004,385(7):655-663.
[16] Letra A,Ghaneh G,Zhao M,et al. MMP-7 and TIMP-1, new targets in predicting poor wound healing in apical periodontitis [J]. J Endod,2013,39(9):1141-1146.
[17] 趙為公,王瑩,邱希江,等.細菌脂多糖對破骨細胞發(fā)育的抑制作用研究[J].中日友好醫(yī)院學(xué)報,2013,27(1):30-33.
[18] Souza PP,Lerner UH. The role of cytokines in inflammatory bone loss [J]. Immunol Invest,2013,42(7):555-622.
(收稿日期:2013-11-12 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)