盧春媛 呂國(guó)義
不同濃度重比重羅哌卡因行腰麻用于老年前列腺電切術(shù)的研究
盧春媛 呂國(guó)義△
目的 觀察不同濃度重比重羅哌卡因腰麻用于老年患者前列腺等離子電切術(shù)的麻醉效果。方法擇期行前列腺等離子電切術(shù)的老年患者58例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),按照數(shù)字隨機(jī)表法隨機(jī)分為A、B兩組,每組29例。L3~L4蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺成功后,兩組分別以0.1~0.3 mL/s的速度注入0.5%和0.75%的重比重羅哌卡因(用10%葡萄糖稀釋)至蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔,劑量均為12.5 mg,對(duì)兩組患者進(jìn)行感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),觀察其麻醉效果以及不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果與A組相比,B組患者感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間明顯縮短(P<0.05),而運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;與A組相比,B組患者感覺(jué)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng)(P<0.05),而運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與A組相比較,B組優(yōu)良率明顯增高;兩組患者不良反應(yīng)無(wú)明顯差別(P>0.05)。結(jié)論0.75%重比重羅哌卡因腰麻用于老年患者前列腺電切術(shù)麻醉效果好,鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間長(zhǎng),且無(wú)明顯不良反應(yīng)。
重比重羅哌卡因;腰麻;前列腺電切術(shù);老年人
老年患者各種生理功能均退化,心肺儲(chǔ)備能力差,尋找一種針對(duì)此類特殊人群的更為安全有效的局麻藥使用方案尤為重要。腰麻具有起效快、阻滯完善、用藥量少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已成為老年下肢手術(shù)常用麻醉方式[1-2]。羅哌卡因作為一種感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)分離阻滯的新型酰胺類局麻藥,具有心肌毒性低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已廣泛應(yīng)用于椎管內(nèi)麻醉[3-4]。本研究旨在比較不同濃度重比重羅哌卡因行腰麻用于老年患者前列腺電切術(shù)的效果。
1.1 一般資料 擇期行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)老年患者58例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),年齡62~87歲,平均(73±10)歲,體質(zhì)量58~82 kg。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)神經(jīng)精神系統(tǒng)疾病史。(2)脊柱以及四肢外傷史。(3)嚴(yán)重內(nèi)臟臟器病史和心血管病。(4)腰麻禁忌證患者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為A、B組,各29例。2組患者年齡、體質(zhì)量、身高、心率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表1。
Table 1 Clinical data of two groups表1 2組一般臨床資料比較(n=29±s)
均P>0.05
組別A組B組t年齡(歲)75.5±10.3 76.1±9.8 0.385體質(zhì)量(kg)70.8±11.3 72.7±14.2 0.509身高(cm)168.5±11.7 169.2±13.2 0.305心率(次/min)69.3±7.4 65.9±8.2 1.463
1.2 麻醉方法 術(shù)前30 min肌內(nèi)注射安定10 mg,阿托品0.5 mg。入室后連接監(jiān)護(hù)儀,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心率和脈搏血氧飽和度。吸氧5 min,麻醉前靜脈輸乳酸鈉林格液8 mL/kg?;颊呷∨P位,進(jìn)行L3~L4腰麻穿刺,以腦脊液流出為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以0.1~0.3 mL/s的速度分別注入0.5%(A組)和0.75%(B組)的重比重羅哌卡因(用10%葡萄糖稀釋)。腰麻后,通過(guò)硬膜外針向頭部置管。注藥后5 min改平臥位,腰麻平面控制在T10以下。麻醉過(guò)程中若出現(xiàn)收縮壓低于90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),或平均動(dòng)脈壓低于基礎(chǔ)值的30%為低血壓。出現(xiàn)低血壓時(shí),加快輸液速度,靜脈注射麻黃素5 mg。若手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),患者出現(xiàn)疼痛,則通過(guò)硬膜外導(dǎo)管給予1%的羅哌卡因10 mL。
1.3 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo) 以針刺皮膚測(cè)試感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間(給藥后出現(xiàn)下肢發(fā)熱等感覺(jué)異常的時(shí)間)、運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間(患者末端腳趾無(wú)體動(dòng))、感覺(jué)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間(對(duì)針刺有疼痛)和運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間(至末端腳趾有體動(dòng))。手術(shù)期間觀察麻醉效果,優(yōu):患者安靜且手術(shù)區(qū)域無(wú)不適感。良:手術(shù)區(qū)域有感覺(jué),但沒(méi)有不適感。中:手術(shù)區(qū)域有疼痛感覺(jué),但可以忍受。差:術(shù)中疼痛感覺(jué)無(wú)法忍受。同時(shí)觀察患者不良反應(yīng)(惡心嘔吐、低血壓、瘙癢、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩)發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 11.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較行t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或連續(xù)校正χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 2組患者感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯情況比較 所有患者腰麻效果完善,術(shù)中均未追加羅哌卡因。與A組相比,B組感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間明顯縮短,感覺(jué)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng)(均P<0.05)。2組運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 2組患者麻醉效果的比較 2組患者麻醉效果差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.858,P<0.05),其中B組麻醉效果優(yōu)的比例多于A組,見(jiàn)表3。
Table 2 Sensory and motor block of the two groups表2 2組患者感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯情況比較(n=29,min±s)
**P<0.01
組別A組B組t感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間1.6±0.3 1.2±0.2 5.974**運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間7.6±0.7 7.3±0.8 1.520感覺(jué)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間256.1±52.4 302.1±54.6 3.285**運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間162.5±31.8 173.6±33.9 1.269
2.3 2組患者不良反應(yīng)的比較 2組患者不良反應(yīng)(惡心嘔吐、低血壓、瘙癢、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩)發(fā)生情況差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表4。
老年患者各器官功能普遍降低,對(duì)缺血的耐受性也比正常成人差。研究表明與青年相比,老年患者因神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)敏感脆弱,對(duì)腰麻局麻藥的敏感性更高[5]。有研究顯示局麻藥毒性與其濃度、劑量及暴露時(shí)間呈正相關(guān)[6]。譚憲湖等[7]觀察不同劑量等比重羅哌卡因?qū)夏昊颊哐樽铚矫娴挠绊懀l(fā)現(xiàn)0.5%等比重羅哌卡因腰麻時(shí)局麻藥劑量越大阻滯平面越高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,2組患者腰麻效果均較完善,術(shù)中均未追加羅哌卡因,且2組患者均未出現(xiàn)血壓、心率的顯著波動(dòng),提示0.75%和0.5%的羅哌卡因用于腰麻均是可行且有效的[8]。與A組相比,B組患者感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間明顯縮短,而運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間無(wú)明顯差異,提示0.75%羅哌卡因腰麻可縮短感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯起效時(shí)間,而與運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯無(wú)關(guān),推測(cè)與羅哌卡因的濃度有關(guān)。另外,B組患者較A組感覺(jué)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),而2組運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯持續(xù)時(shí)間無(wú)明顯差異,提示0.75%羅哌卡因腰麻可延長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)阻滯時(shí)間,可為較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間手術(shù)提供麻醉。本研究中少數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)腰麻后血壓下降,其機(jī)制主要是外周血管擴(kuò)張以及脊麻平面過(guò)高引起全身血容量的再分配[9]。本研究患者感覺(jué)阻滯平面均控制在T10以下,血液動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)很小,這與Ulker等[10]的研究結(jié)果相似。另有少數(shù)患者發(fā)生惡心嘔吐、瘙癢、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩等不良反應(yīng),經(jīng)過(guò)改變姿勢(shì)以及控制輸液速度處理后均得到明顯改善。
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(2013-08-02收稿 2013-10-29修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)
The Clinical Research of Different Hyperbaric Ropivacaine Concentrations Used in Lumbar Anesthesia for Elderly Patients undergoing Transurethral Prostatic Resection
LU Chunyuan,LYU Guoyi
The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China
Objective To assess the anesthetic effect of different concentrations of hyperbaric ropivacaine used in lumbar anesthesia for elderly transurethral prostatic resection.MethodsWe randomly divided 58 elderly patients who underwent transurethral prostatic resection with ASA(American Surgical Association)physical status levelⅠ-Ⅱ into 2 groups as group A and B,using numeric random table method.Each group includes 29 cases.After being punctured between L3-L4,patients were injected with 0.5%(group A)and 0.75%(group B)hyperbaric ropivacaine(diluted with 10%glucose)to the subarachnoid space in a speed of 0.1-0.3 mL/s and the overall dose was 12.5 mg in each case.Then the extents of sensory and motor block were compared between two groups,and their anesthesia effect and adverse reactions were also recorded.ResultsCompared with group A,onset time of sensory block in group B was significantly shorter(P<0.05),while onset time for motor block was of no significant difference;By contrast to group A,acting time of sensory block in group B prolonged significantly(P<0.05)while acting time of motor block was of no statistically significant difference(P>0.05);By contrast to group A,the anesthesia effect of group B was more effective while the adverse reactions of the two groups was of no significant difference(P>0.05).Conclusion0.75%hyperbaric ropivacaine in lumbar anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection could provide a better anesthesia and analgesia effect than 0.5%hyperbaric ropivacaine without more significant adverse reactions.
hyperbaric ropivacaine;spinal anesthesia;transurethral prostatic resection;aged
R614
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.04.026
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院麻醉科(郵編300211)
△通訊作者 E-mail:lvguoyiys@126.com