楊博超,肖沖,馬喜山,劉云波
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所,北京 100021)
毛絲鼠(Chinchilla)學(xué)名南美洲栗鼠,別名琴其拉、絨鼠,是哺乳綱,嚙齒目,豪豬亞目,毛絲鼠科,毛絲鼠屬動(dòng)物。毛絲鼠現(xiàn)存有兩個(gè)種:長(zhǎng)尾毛絲鼠(Chinchillalanigera)和短尾毛絲鼠(Chinchillabrevicaudata)。毛絲鼠原產(chǎn)于南美洲的安第斯山區(qū),具有獨(dú)特的生物學(xué)特性。由于其毛皮具有絲滑、輕盈、致密等獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),早在20世紀(jì)20年代初,美國(guó)即引進(jìn)毛絲鼠,并隨后開(kāi)始大規(guī)模飼養(yǎng)。我國(guó)從20世紀(jì)70年代初開(kāi)始引進(jìn),并實(shí)現(xiàn)成功飼養(yǎng),尤在我國(guó)北方地區(qū)養(yǎng)殖效果良好。
毛絲鼠作為聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)、微生物及寄生蟲(chóng)感染動(dòng)物模型用于生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究,另可根據(jù)其獨(dú)特的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn),開(kāi)發(fā)其在老年性疾病、代謝性疾病等方面研究的應(yīng)用。本文對(duì)毛絲鼠的生物學(xué)特性作一介紹,并就其在醫(yī)學(xué)研究中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展作簡(jiǎn)要綜述。
一般認(rèn)為家養(yǎng)毛絲鼠為長(zhǎng)尾毛絲鼠。長(zhǎng)尾毛絲鼠體長(zhǎng)24~28cm,尾長(zhǎng)14 cm。成年母鼠比公鼠大,母鼠體重510~710 g,公鼠為425~570 g,初生仔鼠44.83±6.69 g[1]。短尾毛絲鼠的體長(zhǎng)32 cm,尾長(zhǎng)10 cm,頸部和肩部較厚,耳較小。毛絲鼠的黑眼睛大而亮,鼻側(cè)長(zhǎng)有長(zhǎng)短不一的觸須,觸覺(jué)靈敏,耳殼大而薄,呈鈍圓形。毛絲鼠耳蝸部位常見(jiàn)老年斑(senile plaque,SP),在耳蝸外細(xì)胞積聚。
毛絲鼠主要棲息在海拔2100~4500 m的高山巖石縫隙和亂石堆中。毛絲鼠缺乏汗腺,喜干燥涼爽的環(huán)境,以2~28℃為宜,不喜歡強(qiáng)光直射,晝伏夜出。草食性,野生毛絲鼠依靠采食鮮嫩多汁的草本植物或灌木的皮、莖和枝條,也喜食干草和種子。但給草食性動(dòng)物過(guò)多的多糖,碳水化合物和脂肪會(huì)造成了此類(lèi)動(dòng)物類(lèi)似于糖尿病的問(wèn)題。靠后肢坐立,利用前肢的小爪將飼料送到嘴里[2]。喜清潔,愛(ài)沙浴,每周至少進(jìn)行1 次沙浴,每次沙浴20~30 min。毛絲鼠是單排卵管動(dòng)物,最早3月齡,最遲9~11月齡達(dá)性成熟,可在一年的任何時(shí)間繁殖,發(fā)情期可持續(xù)28~35d,毛絲鼠妊娠期為111d,每年能產(chǎn)仔2~3窩[3]。壽命為15~20 年,10 歲前有繁殖能力[4]。
毛絲鼠首次應(yīng)用于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究是用作聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)[5]。毛絲鼠聽(tīng)覺(jué)范圍(20~30000 Hz)和耳蝸大小與人非常接近,其內(nèi)耳的解剖和生理學(xué)與人類(lèi)的耳朵解剖學(xué)類(lèi)似,耳蝸有三圈,一個(gè)咽鼓管鼓室[6],且耳蝸比較容易獲得,是用做聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)研究的最佳動(dòng)物模型,主要用于中耳炎及聽(tīng)力下降的研究[7, 8]。
毛絲鼠用于開(kāi)發(fā)單一病原體引起的中耳炎模型,被認(rèn)為是金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中耳炎是是中耳鼓室粘膜的炎癥,多由細(xì)菌感染引起。累及中耳(包括咽鼓管、鼓室、鼓竇及乳突氣房)全部或部分結(jié)構(gòu)的炎性病變,好發(fā)于兒童。毛絲鼠可以用于制備肺炎鏈球菌導(dǎo)致的中耳炎模型[9-14];亦可直接接種流感嗜血桿菌至毛絲鼠中耳部位誘導(dǎo)中耳炎制備動(dòng)物模型[15, 16];除此之外,毛絲鼠還可用于制備中耳膽脂瘤形成模型[17]及慢性鼓膜穿孔模型[18, 19]。作為重要的模型動(dòng)物,毛絲鼠在耳相關(guān)研究中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。
毛絲鼠對(duì)多種微生物易感,可感染李斯特菌、耶爾森氏菌[20]、銅綠假單胞菌[21]等病原,并可發(fā)生須癬毛癬菌感染[22]。有研究指出成年毛絲鼠是用于霍亂研究的合適動(dòng)物模型[23-25],可用于相關(guān)毒素毒力研究及相應(yīng)疫苗的免疫效力評(píng)價(jià)。
毛絲鼠可感染利什曼原蟲(chóng)[26, 27]、賈地鞭毛蟲(chóng)[28-30]、球蟲(chóng)、短膜殼絳蟲(chóng)[31]、弓形體[32],可用作相應(yīng)寄生蟲(chóng)感染研究。另外,毛絲鼠對(duì)南美錐蟲(chóng)高度敏感[33],已有學(xué)者開(kāi)展了相應(yīng)感染研究。
毛絲鼠已作為豬帶絳蟲(chóng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蚚34],具有穩(wěn)定可重復(fù)等特點(diǎn),應(yīng)用效果良好[35],利于深入研究宿主-寄生蟲(chóng)的關(guān)系[36]。
毛絲鼠老齡化后耳蝸部位常見(jiàn)老年斑(senile plaque,SP)。發(fā)現(xiàn)老年斑在耳蝸外細(xì)胞積聚,靠近支持細(xì)胞及Reissner’s膜上皮細(xì)胞的內(nèi)淋巴表面[37]。老年斑主要成分為β-淀粉樣蛋白 (β-amyloid peptide,Aβ)[38],含有39-43個(gè)氨基酸不等[39]。Aβ具有神經(jīng)毒性,為老年癡呆(AD)的主要致病因子之一[40]。但是 AD 的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今尚不清楚,而當(dāng)前AD致病機(jī)制的研究中,Aβ毒性假說(shuō)占主導(dǎo)地位,Aβ的聚集和沉積被認(rèn)為是中心環(huán)節(jié)。故開(kāi)展毛絲鼠老年斑形成機(jī)制的研究,對(duì)老年癡呆的發(fā)病機(jī)制研究有重要指導(dǎo)意義。
通過(guò)飼喂含10.0%動(dòng)物油和0.5%膽固醇的食物可導(dǎo)致毛絲鼠的高膽固醇血癥,可觀測(cè)到其血清膽固醇水平的升高[41],可將毛絲鼠用于高膽固醇血癥的治療手段研究。
毛絲鼠攝食高糖、脂肪的食物易誘發(fā)糖尿病[42],而篩選患病動(dòng)物周期較長(zhǎng)??赏ㄟ^(guò)鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)糖尿病,開(kāi)發(fā)毛絲鼠糖尿病模型,為糖尿病的治療研究提供有力的實(shí)驗(yàn)工具。
另外,毛絲鼠還可用于胃腸道疾病、肺炎、骨關(guān)節(jié)置換等方面研究[43]。
實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源是生命科學(xué)研究的重要支撐條件,我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源難以滿(mǎn)足現(xiàn)代科學(xué)飛速發(fā)展的需求。因此,開(kāi)發(fā)培育實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物新資源,將一些有特殊生物學(xué)性狀或?qū)θ祟?lèi)疾病研究有特殊價(jià)值的動(dòng)物進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物化,是生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究的必要前提。
毛絲鼠作為動(dòng)物模型已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)、微生物及寄生蟲(chóng)感染研究,由于其在老年性疾病、代謝性疾病等方面的特點(diǎn),可進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)以用于相關(guān)研究。
因此,加強(qiáng)我國(guó)毛絲鼠資源開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用,建立毛絲鼠作為實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的技術(shù)體系,加速我國(guó)毛絲鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物化的進(jìn)程,以滿(mǎn)足科研需求。
相信隨著開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用研究的不斷深入,毛絲鼠在生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究中的應(yīng)用前景將更加廣闊,對(duì)促進(jìn)我國(guó)生物醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域原創(chuàng)性研究成果的形成具有重要意義。
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