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        拒絕享樂(lè)主義的“唆麻”

        2013-12-31 00:00:00賞析/夏輝
        新東方英語(yǔ) 2013年10期

        阿道司·赫胥黎(Aldous Huxley, 1894~1963),英國(guó)作家,出生于薩里郡的名門:父親是編輯兼詩(shī)人,母親是批評(píng)家馬修·阿諾德(Matthew Arnold)的侄女,著有《天演論》(Evolution and Ethics)的大生物學(xué)家托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley)是他的祖父。赫胥黎從小受到良好的教育,早年入伊頓公學(xué),打算從事醫(yī)學(xué),因嚴(yán)重眼疾而輟學(xué),后入牛津大學(xué)攻讀文學(xué)并開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌。赫胥黎學(xué)識(shí)淵博,作品眾多,共創(chuàng)作11部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)、7部短篇小說(shuō)集、9部詩(shī)集,同時(shí)還創(chuàng)作了劇本、文藝評(píng)論、游記、傳記,以及哲學(xué)、宗教、政治、科學(xué)等各類散文。他的作品內(nèi)容包羅萬(wàn)象,涉及現(xiàn)代文明的各個(gè)重要方面。讓他名留青史的小說(shuō)《美麗新世界》(Brave New World)發(fā)表于1932年,與喬治·奧威爾(George Orwell)的《1984》(1984)、葉夫根尼·扎米亞京(Yevgeny Zamyatin)的《我們》(We)并稱為“反烏托邦”三大經(jīng)典作品。赫胥黎于1963年11月22日去世,享年69歲。

        Excerpts1)

        A SQUAT grey building of only thirty-four stories. Over the main entrance the words, CENTRAL LONDON HATCHERY AND CONDITIONING CENTRE, and, in a shield, the World State’s motto, COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY.

        The enormous room on the ground floor faced towards the north. Cold for all the summer beyond the panes, for all the tropical heat of the room itself, a harsh thin light glared through the windows, hungrily seeking some draped lay2) figure, some pallid shape of academic goose-flesh, but finding only the glass and nickel and bleakly shining porcelain of a laboratory. Wintriness3) responded to wintriness. The overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. The light was frozen, dead, a ghost. Only from the yellow barrels of the microscopes did it borrow a certain rich and living substance.

        “And this,” said the Director4) opening the door, “is the Fertilizing Room.”

        Bent over their instruments, three hundred Fertilizers were plunged, as the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning entered the room, in the scarcely breathing silence, the absent-minded, soliloquizing5) hum or whistle, of absorbed concentration. A troop of newly arrived students, very young, pink and callow, followed nervously, rather abjectly6), at the Director’s heels. Each of them carried a notebook, in which, whenever the great man spoke, he desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse’s mouth7). It was a rare privilege.

        “Just to give you a general idea,” he would explain to them. For of course some sort of general idea they must have, if they were to do their work intelligently—though as little of one, if they were to be good and happy members of society, as possible. For particulars, as every one knows, make for virtue and happiness; generalities are intellectually necessary evils.

        “Tomorrow,” he would add, smiling at them with a slightly menacing geniality8), “you’ll be settling down to serious work. You won’t have time for generalities. Meanwhile …”

        Tall and rather thin but upright, the Director advanced into the room. He had a long chin and big rather prominent teeth, just covered, when he was not talking, by his full, floridly curved lips. Old, young? Thirty? Fifty? Fifty-five? It was hard to say. And anyhow the question didn’t arise; in this year of stability, A. F. 6329), it didn’t occur to you to ask it.

        “I shall begin at the beginning,” said the D.H.C. and the more zealous students recorded his intention in their notebooks: Begin at the beginning. “These,” he waved his hand, “are the incubators.” And opening an insulated door he showed them racks upon racks of numbered test-tubes. “The week’s supply of ova10). Kept,” he explained, “at blood heat; whereas the male gametes11),” and here he opened another door, “they have to be kept at thirty-five instead of thirty-seven. Full blood heat sterilizes.”

        Still leaning against the incubators he gave them, while the pencils scurried illegibly across the pages, a brief description of the modern fertilizing process; spoke first, of course, of its surgical introduction; continued with some account of the technique for preserving the excised ovary12) alive and actively developing; passed on to a consideration of optimum temperature, salinity13), viscosity14); referred to the liquor in which the detached and ripened eggs were kept; and, leading his charges to the work tables, actually showed them how this liquor was drawn off from the test-tubes; how it was let out drop by drop onto the specially warmed slides of the microscopes; how the eggs which it contained were inspected for abnormalities, counted and transferred to a porous receptacle; how (and he now took them to watch the operation) this receptacle was immersed in a warm bouillon15) containing free-swimming spermatozoa16)—at a minimum concentration of one hundred thousand per cubic centimetre, he insisted; and how, after ten minutes, the container was lifted out of the liquor and its contents re-examined; how, if any of the eggs remained unfertilized, it was again immersed, and, if necessary, yet again; how the fertilized ova went back to the incubators; where the Alphas and Betas17) remained until definitely bottled; while the Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons were brought out again, after only thirty-six hours, to undergo Bokanovsky’s Process.

        “Bokanovsky’s Process,” repeated the Director, and the students underlined the words in their little notebooks.

        One egg, one embryo18), one adult—normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. Progress.

        “Essentially,” the D.H.C. concluded, “bokanovskification consists of a series of arrests of development. We check the normal growth and, paradoxically enough, the egg responds by budding.”

        Responds by budding. The pencils were busy.

        1.節(jié)選部分是書(shū)中第一章的開(kāi)頭部分,主要講述的是新世界的中央倫敦孵化與條件設(shè)置中心主任帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生參觀并講解新世界里的公民在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的誕生過(guò)程。

        2.lay [le?] adj. 外行的,非專業(yè)性的

        3.wintriness [?w?ntrin?s] n. 寒冷,冷淡,冷漠

        4.the Director:即中央倫敦孵化與條件設(shè)置中心主任(Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning,簡(jiǎn)稱為D.H.C.),也是賞析中提到的“野蠻人”約翰的親生父親。

        5.soliloquize [s??l?l?kwa?z] vt. 自言自語(yǔ)地說(shuō)

        6.abjectly [??bd?ektli] adv. 卑躬屈膝地;怯懦地

        7.from the horse’s mouth:從相關(guān)人士或權(quán)威人士那里直接得到(的信息)

        8.geniality [?d?i?ni??l?ti] n. 和藹可親,友善;真誠(chéng)

        9.A. F. 632:福特632年。書(shū)中的新世界采用福特紀(jì)年法,以福特T型車出產(chǎn)的時(shí)間1908年作為福特元年,因此這里的福特632年實(shí)則為2540年。

        10.ovum [???v?m] n. [動(dòng)]卵,卵細(xì)胞(ova為其復(fù)數(shù)形式)

        11.gamete [?ɡ?mi?t] n. 配子

        12.ovary [???v?ri] n. [解]卵巢

        13.salinity [s??l?n?ti] n. 鹽度,鹽濃度,鹽漬度

        14.viscosity [v??sk?s?ti] n. 黏滯度

        15.bouillon [?bu?j?n] n. 肉羹培養(yǎng)基,一種細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)基

        16.spermatozoon [?sp??m?t??z???n] n. [生]精子(spermatozoa為其復(fù)數(shù)形式)

        17.Alphas and Betas:阿爾法與貝塔,指的是書(shū)中新世界里的高種姓,后文提到的伽馬、德?tīng)査鸵疗瘴鼾垼℅ammas, Deltas and Epsilons)則是新世界里的低種姓。新世界用這五個(gè)希臘字母稱呼不同的種姓。

        18.embryo [?embri??] n. 胚胎

        作品賞析

        在日常生活中,我們常常能夠聽(tīng)到有人在哀嘆不幸:物質(zhì)沒(méi)有保障,身體不夠健康,沒(méi)有合適的伴侶。赫胥黎筆下的美麗新世界則承諾了一個(gè)沒(méi)有以上任何一種煩惱的“幸福世界”。這個(gè)世界設(shè)定在公元2540年。新世界采用“福特紀(jì)年法”,將1908年設(shè)定為福特元年。這一年,福特公司的T型車上市,標(biāo)志著流水裝配線大規(guī)模投入生產(chǎn)。對(duì)新世界而言,流水線的重要意義在于,它不僅批量生產(chǎn)商品,而且大規(guī)?!爸圃臁惫?。新世界的公民早已擺脫了“十月懷胎,一朝分娩”的自然生殖方式,他們誕生在瓶子里,自胚胎期就被劃分為五個(gè)社會(huì)階層,并根據(jù)未來(lái)社會(huì)角色的需求歷經(jīng)含氧量控制、激光照射、條件限制、催眠教育等工序,之后整齊劃一地走下流水線。新世界里的公民們不必?fù)?dān)心缺乏物質(zhì)保障,因?yàn)樵谛率澜缋铮總€(gè)人都有工作,而且每個(gè)人都安于自己的崗位。他們也不必?fù)?dān)心沒(méi)有伴侶,因?yàn)樾率澜绻膭?lì)性的開(kāi)放與自由。他們也不必?fù)?dān)心健康問(wèn)題,國(guó)家為他們提供醫(yī)療,而且由于催眠教育的成果,新世界的公民并不畏懼死亡。最妙的是,新世界里有消除煩惱、保證快樂(lè)的萬(wàn)用靈藥——唆麻。偶爾有煩心時(shí)刻,只需吞下一顆唆麻藥片,立刻煩惱盡除。

        在這個(gè)將“社會(huì),本分,穩(wěn)定”奉為生存格言的新世界里,享樂(lè)和狂歡變成生活的常態(tài)。新世界充滿了綿綿不絕的合成音樂(lè)和香味、令人酥麻陶醉的感官電影,以及保證快樂(lè)的唆麻藥丸,這里完全是沒(méi)有“苦惱”的“天堂”。但是,在這個(gè)世界里,依然有人成為異類,自覺(jué)選擇了煩惱的人生。他就是小說(shuō)的男主人公——“野蠻人”約翰。

        約翰之所以被稱為“野蠻人”,是因?yàn)樗某錾夭皇桥咛スS,而是野蠻人保留地。野蠻人保留地由于氣候或地理?xiàng)l件不佳,被新世界認(rèn)為是不值得花費(fèi)工夫去實(shí)現(xiàn)“文明化”的地區(qū)。因此,這些地區(qū)沒(méi)有運(yùn)用上美麗新世界的享樂(lè)技術(shù)。約翰的父母都來(lái)自新世界。當(dāng)他們?cè)谝靶U人保留地度假時(shí),母親琳達(dá)不慎走失,又意外發(fā)現(xiàn)自己懷孕,無(wú)法再回到以胎生為恥的新世界,只好留在保留地,在被遺忘的無(wú)助中產(chǎn)下了約翰。

        生長(zhǎng)在保留地的約翰從小聽(tīng)母親琳達(dá)講述新世界的無(wú)限美好,卻不曾親身體驗(yàn)。陪伴約翰長(zhǎng)大的只有一本殘破的《威廉·莎士比亞全集》。在孤獨(dú)的成長(zhǎng)歲月中,《羅密歐與朱麗葉》向他展示初戀的美好,《哈姆雷特》引他思考生死的抉擇。后來(lái),約翰遇到了從新世界來(lái)到保留地旅游的“文明人”伯納·馬克思。當(dāng)伯納發(fā)現(xiàn)約翰的生父是與自己有過(guò)節(jié)的主任時(shí),他便想到將約翰帶到新世界里,以此來(lái)羞辱主任。聽(tīng)到伯納要帶自己去新世界的消息時(shí),約翰脫口而出:“??!美麗的新世界!”這句話是莎士比亞的戲劇《暴風(fēng)雨》中女主人公米蘭達(dá)的臺(tái)詞。自幼跟父親在孤島長(zhǎng)大的米蘭達(dá)美麗而天真,第一次看到外來(lái)世界的人群時(shí)發(fā)出了這樣的贊嘆,卻完全不知外來(lái)世界中人物間權(quán)力與控制的復(fù)雜糾葛。同樣天真的“野蠻人”約翰抱著同樣的向往和好奇走進(jìn)了美麗新世界。

        然而,走進(jìn)新世界的約翰卻發(fā)現(xiàn),美麗新世界的居民遠(yuǎn)非他想象的模樣。自己心儀的少女只知身體的歡愉,卻不懂朱麗葉式的忠貞與承諾。新世界到處都是面目相同的醉生夢(mèng)死之人,他們從不關(guān)心“生存還是死亡”的問(wèn)題,活像《奧賽羅》中說(shuō)得那樣,像“山羊和猴子”般愚蠢。隨約翰重返新世界的母親琳達(dá)自返回之日起就選擇整日與唆麻為伴,不肯從幸福的迷夢(mèng)中蘇醒,終于在極樂(lè)的幻覺(jué)中走完一生。為此,悲傷又憤怒的約翰大鬧唆麻分發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng),企圖喚醒人們,讓他們擺脫這種定制的“幸福生活”,但卻因此遭到流放。他在流放的隱居之所禁欲苦修,卻引來(lái)了大批新世界公民的圍觀。在只懂得娛樂(lè)、狂歡的人們眼中,苦修的儀式不過(guò)是另一種玩耍的新花樣。最終,約翰只能用自殺來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)這個(gè)世界的抵抗。

        在古希臘時(shí)代,哲學(xué)家色諾芬在《回憶蘇格拉底》中曾經(jīng)講述過(guò)一則名叫“赫拉克雷斯的選擇”的故事。故事中,赫拉克雷斯由孩童成長(zhǎng)為青年,即將開(kāi)始獨(dú)立生活。一日,他正在思考自己未來(lái)的人生道路時(shí),忽見(jiàn)迎面走來(lái)兩個(gè)婦人:一個(gè)端莊,一個(gè)媚惑。媚惑的婦人先開(kāi)了口,許諾帶領(lǐng)他經(jīng)由最便捷、最舒適的道路通向快樂(lè),無(wú)需勞心費(fèi)神,便可飽覽聲色;端莊的婦人也向他承諾幸福,但指出放蕩狂歡只會(huì)帶來(lái)虛無(wú),只有勤勞才能換來(lái)幸福。轉(zhuǎn)述故事的蘇格拉底并沒(méi)有指明赫拉克雷斯最終作出了何種選擇,只是告訴聽(tīng)故事的人:“你把這些事放在心上,對(duì)你當(dāng)前的生活好好地加以考慮,那是值得的?!?/p>

        在赫胥黎《美麗新世界》所構(gòu)筑的烏托邦中,被胚胎工廠定制出來(lái)的人們從來(lái)不需要赫拉克雷斯式的選擇。他們的人生自動(dòng)被引導(dǎo)到了媚惑的婦人所指引的路上。美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家尼爾·波茲曼在名作《娛樂(lè)至死》一書(shū)中警告生活在媒體時(shí)代的我們,赫胥黎預(yù)言的美麗新世界正在日漸成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。正如赫胥黎在《美麗新世界》里所預(yù)言的,導(dǎo)致人們失去自由的不是強(qiáng)權(quán),而是令人炫目的科技所創(chuàng)造的虛幻世界。人們會(huì)深深沉溺于工業(yè)技術(shù)所提供的唆麻式的產(chǎn)品中,比如多姿多彩的電視節(jié)目、各式各樣的電腦游戲等,從而忘記現(xiàn)實(shí)的煩惱,放棄自由的思想、負(fù)責(zé)任的行動(dòng)以及獨(dú)立的選擇。

        是選擇享樂(lè)主義,生活在唆麻式娛樂(lè)所支撐的美麗新世界,還是選擇自主的思考與判斷,清醒面對(duì)或許充滿艱辛和痛苦的人生?這或許是活在娛樂(lè)時(shí)代的我們站在赫拉克雷斯式的岔路口所必須思考的問(wèn)題。

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