【摘 要】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在語法上有自己的邏輯主語,結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,通常在句中起分句的作用,一般做狀語或定語。
【關(guān)鍵詞】獨(dú)立主格;主謂關(guān)系;動(dòng)賓關(guān)系;表示將來;邏輯主語的狀態(tài)
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在高中英語教學(xué)中是難點(diǎn)中的難點(diǎn),也是高考的重要考點(diǎn)之一,對(duì)學(xué)生的要求高,難度大,失分率高。在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語知識(shí)時(shí)造成了困惑,現(xiàn)將其用法做一分析。
一、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的含義和實(shí)質(zhì)
“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”(absolute construction)又叫“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”,是帶有自己主語的非謂語動(dòng)詞分句和無動(dòng)詞分句。由于在語法上有自己的邏輯主語,結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此傳統(tǒng)語法叫做“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。其實(shí),所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”并非真正獨(dú)立,它相當(dāng)于從屬分句,與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起,共同表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,可放于句首、句尾,用逗號(hào)和主句隔開,有時(shí)也用破折號(hào)將其主句隔開。
通常在句中起狀語分句的作用,有時(shí)也可作定語。
二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式可分為不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu);現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu);過去分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)和無動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。具體形式為:(with)名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語。
1.名詞/代詞+不定式
例 I send you 100dollars today, the rest to follow in a year.
2.名詞/代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞
例(2012.遼寧)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog___them.
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows
這一題的答案為B
3.名詞/代詞+過去分詞
例:Their work done, they went home.
4.名詞/代詞+形容詞短語
例 The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
5.名詞/代詞+副詞
例 Winter holiday (being) over, students returned to school.
6.名詞/代詞+介詞短語
例 The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand.
三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)功能。
(一)通常在句中起狀語分句的作用
1.做伴隨狀語
(2010,山東)The living room is clean and tidy,with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked.
A.laid B.laying C.to lay D.being laid
A考查with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為 “起居室既干凈又整潔,里面有一張?jiān)缫逊藕玫念A(yù)備要開飯的餐桌”。由語境可知,邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,表示桌子早已被放好了。
2.做時(shí)間狀語
(2007重慶卷)The children went home from the grammar school their lessons ____for the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
解析:B their lessons finished for the day構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)lesson與finish的關(guān)系可判斷出要用動(dòng)詞+ed形式,表示被動(dòng)。had finished和were finished都不是非謂語動(dòng)詞,所以不能構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。finishing是動(dòng)詞+ing形式,表示主動(dòng)。
3.做條件狀語
(2012.新課標(biāo)) The party will be held in the garden ,weather___.
A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit
解析:A 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞weather和permit是主謂/主動(dòng)關(guān)系
4.做原因狀語
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
解析:此句等于As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(有許多難題要解決,新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。)
當(dāng)然其做狀語的功能不僅是上面提到的四種。
(二)做定語,其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句
如:You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.
解析: with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle,相當(dāng)于 You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.(你可以使用一個(gè)頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
四、獨(dú)立主格的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化問題
一般時(shí):名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
完成時(shí):名詞+having+過去分詞
被動(dòng)時(shí):名詞+have being + 過去分詞
完成被動(dòng)時(shí):名詞+having been + 過去分詞
例1:The sun rising, we started to work .(動(dòng)詞rise和start的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的。)
例2:The clock having struck eleven,I went to bed.(struck發(fā)生在go之前)
例3:It being Sunday, we went to church.(邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)being或having been不能省略)
例4:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。(在There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中being不能省略)
五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)注意的一些問題
(1)名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)可變?yōu)閣ith+名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu),意義不變。如例2可變?yōu)閃ith the clock having struck eleven,I went to bed.
注:在with+名詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果邏輯主語與介詞短語中的名詞都是單數(shù)名詞,名詞前的冠詞和物主代詞不能省略,二者都要同時(shí)使用。如:
He was standing there, gun in hand.可變?yōu)镠e was standing there,with a gun in his hand.
(2)在名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,究竟該用哪種非謂語動(dòng)詞,要根據(jù)邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系來決定。如果表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作則用不定式,如:二,1句;動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行(或當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)則用現(xiàn)在分詞,如二,2句;邏輯主語和動(dòng)詞之間是動(dòng)賓\被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過去分詞,如:二,3句。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]新英語語法(主編 張克禮)高等教育出版社
[2]新編英語語法教程(主編 章振邦)上海外語教育出版社
[3]歷年高考真題匯編