郭春波
請先看幾道與現(xiàn)在完成時有關(guān)的中考題:
1. —Where is your father?
—He __________ Australia and he __________ Sydney for two weeks. (2012年廣東省梅州市)
A. has been to; has been in B. has gone to; has been in
C. has been in; has been to D. has gone to; has been to
2. —Would you like to watch the three-D film Titanic with me?
—Certainly. I dont mind seeing it again although I _________ it twice. (2012年江蘇省連云港市)
A. saw B. was seen C. have seen D. had seen
3. —_______ you _______ Jeremy Shu-How Lin?
—Yes. The once-nameless young man became a basketball hero suddenly. (2012年山東省日照市)
A. Did; hear B. Do; listen to
C. Have; heard of D. Have; listened to
4. Everyone except Tom and Mike ___________ Kunming before. (2012年貴州省六盤水市)
A. has gone to B. have gone to
C. has been to D. have been to
5. —Do you know the Englishman?
—Yes. I ________ him for two years. (2012年山東省聊城市)
A. get to know B. have known
C. knew D. got to know
分析:上面的幾道中考題均是在考查同學(xué)們對現(xiàn)在完成時用法的掌握情況。答案分別是:1. B;2. C;3. C;4. C;5. B。
英語中,現(xiàn)在完成時是初中學(xué)生必須掌握的重要語法項目,也是每年中考必考內(nèi)容之一,掌握它的用法對于同學(xué)們學(xué)好英語具有重要意義。下面我們一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下這一重要語法項目。
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成形式
現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have(has) + 動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時用has外,其余人稱均用have。它的各種句式是這樣的:
肯定式:主語 + have / has + 過去分詞 + 其他。
否定式:主語 + havent / hasnt + 過去分詞 + 其他。
疑問式:Have / Has + 主語 + 過去分詞+其他?
簡略答語:Yes, 主語 + have / has.
No, 主語 + havent / hasnt.
二、現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法
1. 表示發(fā)生在過去的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。例如:
I have finished reading the book. 我讀完了這本書。(知道了書的內(nèi)容)
They have already cleaned the classroom. 他們已打掃了教室。(教室目前是干凈的)
2.表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。例如:
We have learned English for 2 years. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語兩年了。
He has lived here since he was born. 自從他出生以來,他一直住在這里。
三、與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語
與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有“for + 一段時間”,“since + 時間點/謂語動詞為一般過去時的句子”,“ in the past / last + 一段時間”, so far, up to now, all these days等。例如:
He has been away for two months. 他已經(jīng)離開兩個月了。
Father has been an English teacher since 1995. 自從1995年以來,父親一直當英語教師。
Mr Green has been at this school since he came to China. 自從格林先生到中國以來,就一直在這所學(xué)校任教。
He has been in America in the past / last few years. 在過去的幾年里,他一直在美國。
We have learned more than two thousand English words so far. 到目前為止, 我們學(xué)習(xí)了兩千多個英語單詞。
四、與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的常見副詞
與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的常見副詞有already、just、yet、ever、never等。already、just多用于肯定句中,yet、ever、never多用于否定句和疑問句中。例如:
I have already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)。
He hasnt read the novel yet. 他還沒有讀過這本小說。
I have never been to the city before. 我以前從未去過那個城市。
We have just seen the film. 我們剛看過那部電影。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎?
五、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
兩者表示的動作或狀態(tài)都發(fā)生在過去,但是現(xiàn)在完成時側(cè)重過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,它不能與具體的過去時間連用,所以現(xiàn)在完成時中沒有以when引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。一般過去時表示過去的時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。例如:
I have lost my pen. 我把鋼筆丟了。(說明現(xiàn)在我沒有筆用)
He lost his pen yesterday. 他昨天把鋼筆丟了。(說明鋼筆是在昨天丟的,現(xiàn)在找到與否,說話人并不關(guān)注)
—Have you had your supper?你吃過晚飯沒?(說話人在問,現(xiàn)在你餓不餓)
—Yes, I have. 吃了。(意為我現(xiàn)在飽了,不再吃了)
—When did you have it? 你什么時候吃的?(說話人問的是“吃”這一動作發(fā)生在什么時間)
—I had it about half an hour ago. 我大約是半小時前吃的。
六、現(xiàn)在完成時中的非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞
在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子中,非延續(xù)性動詞不能和“for + 一段時間”連用。若漢語句子中有非延續(xù)性動詞,又有表示一段時間的狀語,就不可機械、生硬地將其譯成英語。而應(yīng)該用下面三種方式對英語句子加以改造: ①根據(jù)意義將非延續(xù)性動詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞;②將“for + 一段時間”改為“...ago”的形式;③改用“Its...since”或“...have passed since”句式。例如:
我離開北京二十多年了。
誤:I have left Beijing for over twenty years.
正:I have been away from Beijing for over twenty years.
正:I left Beijing over twenty years ago.
正:It is over twenty years since I left Beijing.
正:Over twenty years has passed since I left Beijing.
但是非延續(xù)性動詞的否定式可以與段時間連用。例如:
I havent met him since last week. 自從上周我就沒遇見過他。
He hasnt come here for a week. 他已一周沒來這兒。
值得注意的是,一次性的非延續(xù)性動詞不能這樣用。如我們不能說He hasnt joined the league for two years.(他已兩年未入團)。The man hasnt died for three months.(這人已三個月未死)。
【溫馨提示】一些常見的非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換也是我們必須牢記的,常見的就有come / go / reach / arrive→be in / at,leave→be away from,borrow / lend→keep,buy→have,join→be in / be a member of,die→be dead,start / begin→be on,finish / end→be over,open→be open,close→be closed,marry→be married,fall asleep / ill→be asleep / ill,get up→be up,come back→be back,return→be back,put on→wear,put on(上演)→be on,go to school→be in school,get to know→know,catch / get a cold→have a cold等。
七、have(has) been to,have(has) gone to 與have(has) been in(at)的區(qū)別
1. have(has) been to表示某人曾經(jīng)到達某處。指這個人已去彼地現(xiàn)又回到此地,它常與just、ever、never、once、twice、several等連用。例如:
I have just been to the post office. 我剛?cè)ミ^郵局。
Have you ever been to Tianjin? 你去過天津嗎?
2. have(has) gone to 表示某人到某處去了,或在去的路上或已到某處,反正不在此地。一般不用第一二人稱代詞作句子的主語。例如:
—Where are they?他們在哪兒?
—They have gone to Hawaii for their holiday. 他們?nèi)ハ耐亩燃倭恕?/p>
It cant be Miss Yang. She has gone to the library. 那不可能是楊老師,她去圖書館了。
3. have(has) been in(at)表示“已在某地”或“在某地呆過”,其后常與“for + 時間段”、“since + 時間點或從句”等時間狀語連用。例如:
I have been in Nanchang for twenty years. 我在南昌二十年了。
Mary has been in Shanghai since last year. 瑪麗自從去年以來就呆在上海。
【學(xué)以致用】
1. —Where is Mr Black? I have something important to tell him.
—You cant find him. He ______ Hong Kong. (2012年湖北省孝感市)
A. will go to B. would go to
C. has gone to D. has been to
2. —Do you miss your parents far away?
—Yes, very much. They ___________ the hometown for over two years. (2012年江蘇省泰州市)
A. left B. have left
C. were away from D. have been away from
3. —Could you tell me where Jim is? I want to return the bicycle to him.
—Oh, he _______ the library. He will be back soon. (2012年廣西壯族自治區(qū)欽州市)
A. goes to B. has gone to
C. has been to D. went to
4. —Heyuan develops so fast.
—Thats true. Great changes ______ in Heyuan in the last few years. (2012年廣東省河源市)
A. have been taken place B. took place
C. take place D. have taken place
5. Hurry up!The concert ______ for ten minutes. (2012年青海省西寧市)
A. has begun B. has been on
C. began D. was on
6. I have been to Shanghai. I ________ there last month. (2012年天津市)
A. go B. went C. have gone D. will go
7. Miss Zhang, the most beautiful teacher, ______ many flowers and letters these days. (2012年河北省)
A. received B. will receive
C. was receiving D. has received
8. Mark _________ in China for 10 years and now he teaches Chinese in Britain. (2012年浙江省杭州市)
A. has worked B. worked
C. had worked D. is working
9. —Are you a soccer player in your school?
—Yes, I _____ the team two years ago. I ______ in the team for two years. (2012年四川省宜賓市)
A. have joined; have been B. was joined; am
C. joined; was D. joined; have been
10. —Hello, mum. Are you still on Lushan Mountain?
—Oh, no. We are back home. We ______ a really good journey. (2012年江西?。?/p>
A. have B. had C. are having D. will have