林春蕾 郭傳勇
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院消化科,上海 200072
原發(fā)性肝癌或肝細(xì)胞癌是目前世界上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,死亡率高,預(yù)后較差。其發(fā)生發(fā)展是一系列多基因參與、多步驟協(xié)同的復(fù)雜過程,目前已在DNA、miRNA、信號(hào)通路、蛋白等多個(gè)層面研究其防治措施。肝癌的發(fā)生機(jī)制目前尚未完全闡明,公認(rèn)的機(jī)制主要有:癌變由肝臟干細(xì)胞異常分化引起;癌變由成熟肝細(xì)胞去分化而致。其中涉及到癌基因的激活,抑癌基因的抑制及多種信號(hào)通路、蛋白的激活與抑制等。
白藜蘆醇(3,5,4′-trihy-droxy-trails-stilbene)是一種自然產(chǎn)生的含有芪類結(jié)構(gòu)非黃酮類多酚化合物,主要在紅葡萄酒、花生中發(fā)現(xiàn)[1]。在過去的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)Res 具有抗氧化[2]、抗炎[3]、抗衰老[4]、抗病毒[5]、降血糖[6]、止痛、平喘[7]等作用。有報(bào)道表明,Res對(duì)于青光眼[8]、胰腺炎[9]、骨關(guān)節(jié)炎[10]等疾病具有保護(hù)作用。它可以防止和治療心血管疾病[11],對(duì)癌癥亦有防治作用,例如肝癌[12]。以下就近年來Res對(duì)肝臟腫瘤的防治的相關(guān)研究做一綜述。
Res 已被證明能抑制人的多種肝癌細(xì)胞,例如HepG2[13-14]、Hep3B[13]、H22[15]、大鼠肝癌細(xì)胞 FAO[16]、H4IIE[17]、大鼠腹水肝癌細(xì)胞AH109A[18]等。Res 抑制肝癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)制與誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和阻滯細(xì)胞周期有關(guān)。Sun等[15]證實(shí)Res對(duì)H22的生長(zhǎng)抑制作用是由于細(xì)胞凋亡,也可以通過激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶從而誘導(dǎo)H4IIE 細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。Kuo等[13]研究表明,T-Res 在濃度為 40~80 μmol/L時(shí)可以抑制p53 陽性的HepG2 細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),但對(duì)于p53 陰性的Hep3B的生長(zhǎng)無明顯影響,這表明RES 誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡是依賴于p53 信號(hào)通路。此實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞被阻滯于G1期時(shí),凋亡相關(guān)蛋白P21的表達(dá)明顯增加。Notas等[19]則認(rèn)為T-Res 在0.1 μmol/L時(shí)可以通過對(duì)細(xì)胞周期G1和G2/M的阻滯而誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡。在相似的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,認(rèn)為Res通過其抗氧化作用,抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖。T-Res 在納摩爾濃度和匹摩爾濃度時(shí),通過調(diào)節(jié)NO/NOS 系統(tǒng),增加iNOS 和eNOS的表達(dá),激活NOS,增加NO的表達(dá),抑制NOS 酶從而起抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的作用。在Res 誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡中的另一個(gè)重要的角色是微囊蛋白-1(CAV-1)。CAV-1是微囊家族的成員,在大多數(shù)人類腫瘤細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)或表達(dá)減少。CAV-1過表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)收到抑制[20]。Yang等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CAV-1 可以通過其膽固醇相關(guān)系統(tǒng)提高HepG2對(duì)Res的吸收,增加其抗增殖和促凋亡的作用。經(jīng)100 μmol/L Res 預(yù)處理的HepG2 細(xì)胞中CAV-1的表達(dá)增加,而CAV-1 可以負(fù)反饋提高Res的吸收,通過p38 絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路和caspase-3表達(dá)從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。經(jīng)100 μmol/L Res 處理后的細(xì)胞與未處理組相比,72 h后其凋亡明顯增加。此外,有報(bào)道表明,Res 在高濃度(100~200 μmol/L)時(shí)可以減少S 期的HepG2 細(xì)胞,但在低濃度(10~50 μmol/L)時(shí)可以增加S 期的HepG2 細(xì)胞[22]。徐凌等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Res能以劑量依賴方式拮抗肝細(xì)胞癌HepG2 細(xì)胞的增殖,進(jìn)一步的研究提示Res 能顯著下調(diào)miR-151 和FAK mRNA表達(dá),而miR-151 能促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞的周期轉(zhuǎn)換,使肝癌細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程明顯加快。Parekh等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Res 可以通過減少細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,調(diào)控P38MAPK、Akt 和Pak1的表達(dá)、活化等抑制HepG2 細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。De L édinghen等[25]認(rèn)為Res 抑制肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2 增殖的作用機(jī)制涉及到受體后機(jī)制,與其細(xì)胞毒性或促凋亡作用無關(guān)。
此外,白藜蘆醇的化學(xué)防癌活動(dòng)可能涉及到細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP450)酶的抑制[26]。CYP450 在化學(xué)致癌的激活中發(fā)揮著重要作用。例如,在100 μmol/L時(shí)Res 可以通過與芳香烴受體結(jié)合,從而抑制小鼠肝癌HEPA 1c1c7 細(xì)胞中特丁基對(duì)苯二酚誘導(dǎo)的CYP1A1的活性。在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)Res對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞株的侵襲性起抑制作用。Kozuki等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)在低濃度時(shí)Res 能抑制大鼠腹水肝癌細(xì)胞AH109A的侵襲入侵,但在高濃度(25~200 μmol/L)時(shí)起抑制增殖作用。這一機(jī)制與其抗氧化作用有關(guān),與其抗增殖作用相關(guān)性不大。Res的防癌的另一機(jī)制與其抗血管生成作用有關(guān)。例如,Zhang等[27]研究證實(shí)Res 在缺氧條件下可以抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的表達(dá),通過缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1A來抑制HepG2 細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。
目前許多研究表明Res 在動(dòng)物模型中起預(yù)防腫瘤的作用。Khanduja等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)2.5 mg/kg Res 處理2周后給予二乙亞硝胺誘導(dǎo)的小鼠模型,其肝臟中的鳥氨酸脫羧酶(ODC)及環(huán)氧合酶較未經(jīng)Res 處理的小鼠模型明顯減少。ODC是多胺生物合成途徑中的限速酶,與細(xì)胞增殖和癌變密切相關(guān)[29]。而環(huán)氧合酶主要與炎癥反應(yīng)中前列腺素的形成、腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展、血管生成等有關(guān)[30]。Bishayee等[31]研究表明,按50~300 mg/kg的劑量連續(xù)口服白藜蘆醇20周后,與未處理組相比,二乙基亞硝胺及苯巴比妥誘導(dǎo)的大鼠的肝細(xì)胞結(jié)節(jié)的發(fā)生、數(shù)量及種類等明顯減少。Res通過上調(diào)促凋亡蛋白Bax 和下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2 起抗癌作用。Res的化學(xué)防癌作用也涉及降低氧化應(yīng)激,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)介導(dǎo)的核因子E2相關(guān)因子(Nrf2)[32]、熱休克蛋白(HSP70)、COX-2 和 NF-κB[33]等。但有實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,Res 處理后并不能阻止多氯聯(lián)苯(PCBs)誘導(dǎo)的大鼠肝臟腫瘤[34]。如上所述,體外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明Res是CYP450 酶抑制劑。Canistro等[35]研究Res 經(jīng)腹腔注射(50 mg/kg 連續(xù)7d)對(duì)小鼠肝外源性代謝酶的影響發(fā)現(xiàn)Res 可以抑制CYP450 酶,但對(duì)于肝臟解毒的代謝酶,起相反作用,誘導(dǎo)UDP-葡萄糖醛酸活性增強(qiáng),同時(shí)減弱谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性。有學(xué)者對(duì)二乙亞硝胺誘導(dǎo)動(dòng)物肝癌實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Res 誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的途徑之一可能是上調(diào)Nrf2 核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導(dǎo)的蛋白及mRNA的表達(dá)。部分文獻(xiàn)表明,Res 除了化學(xué)防癌作用外尚可作為化療藥物運(yùn)用。Delmas等[36]用Res 作用肝癌小鼠模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)其通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶(cyclin dependent kinase,CDK)抑制蛋白的產(chǎn)生,降低 CDK蛋白表達(dá)和活性,使肝癌細(xì)胞阻滯于S 期和G2/M 期,從而抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖,并且這種抑制作用存在時(shí)間和劑量的依賴性,白藜蘆醇短期作用結(jié)果顯示,能以濃度依賴的方式阻礙腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA 合成及隨后的增殖;而當(dāng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)至24 h,白藜蘆醇則對(duì)細(xì)胞周期作用方式略顯不同,在低濃度(20 μmol/L)范圍內(nèi)減慢細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程循環(huán)速度,在高濃度(40~80 μmol/L)下則導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期某特定時(shí)相的阻滯。經(jīng)白藜蘆醇處理過的細(xì)胞除了在相應(yīng)細(xì)胞周期時(shí)相受影響外,同時(shí)還伴有細(xì)胞核增大,核粒度增多。
研究證實(shí),Res 可以通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、阻滯細(xì)胞周期、介導(dǎo)體液免疫應(yīng)答、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子分泌、拮抗腫瘤血管生成影響腫瘤的發(fā)生過程。但目前缺乏有效的臨床或流行病學(xué)研究證實(shí)Res對(duì)肝癌的化學(xué)預(yù)防作用。雖然目前有兩個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)表明連續(xù)29 d 給予2.5 g/d T-Res后,檢測(cè)血漿中胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1 和胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白3水平,與未給藥組相比明顯降低,表明了其潛在的癌癥預(yù)防作用[37]。0.5 g/d 和1.0 g/d的T-Res 連續(xù)給藥29 d后結(jié)腸癌組織中的細(xì)胞增殖明顯受抑[38]。目前HCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制尚未明確,但作為植物抗毒素Res 可以通過多方面作用對(duì)部分HCC 起到一定的防治作用,定能在將來的肝癌治療中占一席之地。
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中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2013年6期