非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是每年高考英語(yǔ)試題考查的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)試題在2012年中就單項(xiàng)選擇題非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞共有32道題,其中動(dòng)詞不定式有11道題,動(dòng)詞-ing形式有14道題,過(guò)去分詞有7道題。
一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)
1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)
(上海春招卷37)___a wet football can hurt your foot if you are not careful.
A.Kicking B.Kicked C.Having kicked D.Kick
解析:答案為A。動(dòng)詞-ing在句中作主語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)泛指人們。
2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)
(北京23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ___them.
A.corrects B.correct C.to correct D.correting
解析:答案為D。分析結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知,此處的“出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤”和“改正錯(cuò)誤”是并列的,都作介詞by的賓語(yǔ),故使用動(dòng)名詞形式。
3.動(dòng)名詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)(動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)
(江西35)John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter___him it.
A.offered B.offering C.to offer D.to be offered
解析:答案為B?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“offering him it”作后置定語(yǔ)修飾“l(fā)etter”,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句“which offered him it”.
4.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
(四川8)I looked up and noticed a snake ___its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A.to wind B.wind C.winding D.wound
解析:答案為C。此句中考查了notice sb./sth.doing結(jié)構(gòu),意思是“看見(jiàn)某人/某物正在做...”表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。而notice sb./sth.do意思是“看見(jiàn)某人已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事,”表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。
5.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)(現(xiàn)在分詞)
動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞特征與名詞特征。現(xiàn)在分詞及其短語(yǔ)從表意的角度看也可以作狀語(yǔ),表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。其動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或之后,也可能與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
(1)表原因可反復(fù)在句首或句末。
(重慶23)___to work over time that evening,I missed a wonderful film.
A.Having been asked B.To ask
C.Having asked D.To be asked
解析:答案為A。由“missed”一詞及句意可推斷被要求加班的動(dòng)作先于錯(cuò)過(guò)電影之前發(fā)生,故選現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式。
(2)表方式或伴隨,多置于句首或句末。
(天津11)He got up late and hurried to his office,___the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
解析:答案為C。leaving作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
歸納:使用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)必須保持一致;2.現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞與句中的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,并與句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生。
6.現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞可由其獨(dú)立的邏輯主語(yǔ),其常常是名詞或代詞的主格,置于現(xiàn)在分詞之前,構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常常用作狀語(yǔ),置于句首或句末,偶爾也置于句中。如:
(全國(guó)大綱卷28)The party will be held in the garden,weather
.
A.permitting B.to permit C.permitted D.permit
解析:答案為A。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)weather permitting作條件狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于if weather permits.
二、動(dòng)詞的V-ed形式(過(guò)去分詞)
1.過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
(四川12)Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car___.
A.washed B.wash C.washing D.to wash
解析:答案為A。此題考查get sth.done結(jié)構(gòu),意為“讓某事被做”。注意,sth.和done之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
2.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞是單詞,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前;過(guò)去分詞是短語(yǔ),則常置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如:
(山東35)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope___.
A.providing B.provided
C.having provided D.provide
解析:答案為B。此處provide與envelop之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng),作后置定語(yǔ)。
3.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞從表意的角度看也可以用作狀語(yǔ),表時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
1)表?xiàng)l件,如:
(上海春季33)Once___,Jo devoted her life to looking after children and being a full-time homemaker.
A.having married B.being married
C.marrying D.married
解析:答案為D。據(jù)空前的once可知所填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作條件狀語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子主語(yǔ)JO;marry通常作及物動(dòng)詞,且常構(gòu)成be married句型。
2)表時(shí)間。強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念時(shí),過(guò)去分詞之前可用連詞when/while。
(全國(guó)大綱卷32)Film has a much shorter history,especially when___such art forms as music and painting.
A.having compared to B.comparing to
C.compare to D.compared to
解析:答案為D。此處是連詞when+過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,即when it is compared to.
三、動(dòng)詞不定式
1.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)
(浙江3)No matter how bright a talker you are,these are times when it's better___silent.
A.remain B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
解析:答案為D。it是形式上的主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to remain silent.
2.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)同時(shí)是句子的主語(yǔ)。
(安徽24)I remembered___the door before I left the office,but forgot to tern off the lights.
A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have locked
解析:答案為B。remember doing/having done意為“記得做過(guò)某事”;remember to do sth意為“記得要去做某事”。由句意知門沒(méi)有鎖上,燈也沒(méi)關(guān)。
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式作定語(yǔ),通常皆放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如:
(重慶28)We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision
at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A.to be made B.being made C.made D.having been made
解析:答案為A。不定式短語(yǔ)表示將要做的事。又因decision與make之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A。
4.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果和條件。
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
(北京32)Bird's singing is sometimes a warning to other birds___away.
A.to stay B.staying C.stayed D.stay
解析:答案為A。other birds與stay之間是主謂關(guān)系,表將要走開(kāi)離開(kāi),因此需使用不定式表目的。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如:
(四川6)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only___his plane high up in the sky.
A.finding B.to find C.being found D.to have found
解析:答案為B。不定式短語(yǔ)only to do在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),表意想不到的情況發(fā)生;而only doing表自然或意料的結(jié)果。據(jù)句意,應(yīng)是意想不到的結(jié)果。