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        TopoⅡ及Ki67在基底細胞樣乳腺癌中的相關作用進展

        2012-12-31 00:00:00黃雅娟于曉紅杜峰
        中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2012年10期

        [摘要] 基底細胞樣型乳腺癌是一組具有肌上皮/基底細胞免疫表型特征的乳腺癌,其預后通常較差。而DNA拓撲異構酶Ⅱ (topoisomeraseⅡ,TopoⅡ)是DNA代謝過程中重要核酶,其可作為蒽環(huán)類藥物療效及乳腺癌的預后指標。且亦有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原與乳腺癌淋巴結轉移關系密切,檢測Ki67抗原亦可成為判斷乳腺癌預后的重要指標。因此,本文就TopoⅡ及Ki67及在基底細胞樣乳腺癌中作用展開綜述。

        [關鍵詞] DNA拓撲異構酶Ⅱ;Ki67抗原;基底細胞樣型乳腺癌

        [中圖分類號] R614.3;R971+.12[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1673-9701(2012)10-0032-03

        The roles of Topo Ⅱ and Ki67 in basal-like breast cancer

        HUANG Yajuan1 YU Xiaohong2 DU Feng1

        1.Department of Galactophore, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China; 2. Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China

        [Abstract] Basal-like breast cancer is a group of myoepithelial / basal cell immune phenotype of breast cancer, the prognosis is usually poor. The DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ (topoisomerase Ⅱ α, Topo Ⅱ) is an important metabolic process DNA ribozyme, which can be used as the efficacy of anthracycline drugs and breast cancer prognosis. And also found that Ki67 antigen and lymph node metastasis are closely related Ki67 antigen detection can also serve as an important indicator to determine the prognosis of breast cancer. Therefore, this paper Topo Ⅱ and Ki67 and the role of basal-like breast cancer to start discussion.

        [Key words] DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ; Ki67 antigen; Basal-like breast cancer

        目前大多數(shù)研究者依據(jù)基因表型將乳腺癌分為4種,即管腔型、基底細胞樣型、HER-2高表達型和正常乳腺樣型乳腺癌[1]。而作為一組具有肌上皮/基底細胞免疫表型特征的乳腺癌,基底細胞樣型以其較差的預后得到了廣泛的關注和研究,但國內臨床治療對其相關了解,尤其是其與TopoⅡ及Ki67表達的關系了解較少[2]。故本文綜合國內外最新文獻,對基底細胞樣乳腺癌(后面簡稱乳腺癌)的分子生物學特點、表型特征、治療與TopoⅡ及Ki67的關系作一綜述。

        1 DNA拓撲異構酶與乳腺癌的相關性

        1.1 DNA拓撲異構酶的概念

        有學者[3]研究指出由于DNA具有拓撲的結構以及性質,從而使其表現(xiàn)出雙螺旋旋轉結構,由于其可在同一軸向進行復制解鏈以及旋轉,從而導致DNA分子的打結以及連環(huán)等現(xiàn)象,而由于DNA表現(xiàn)出閉環(huán)狀態(tài)下又按一定方向進行扭轉,形成超螺旋結構,DNA分子在通常情況下進行扭轉不會形成負超螺旋以及正超螺旋。有學者指出在正常DNA復制過程中,不需要對DNA堿基對的組成、數(shù)目以及順序進行改變,從而理順DNA分子鏈,需要對其進行拓撲構象改變[4]。有學者發(fā)現(xiàn)在大腸桿菌中有能夠催化DNA拓撲異構體相互轉換的酶,并將其稱為DNA拓撲異構酶[5]。

        1.2 DNA拓撲異構酶的生物學功能

        DNA拓撲異構酶分為Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型兩種,其廣泛存在于真核及原核生物中,其中真核生物拓撲異構酶又分為兩種:即TopoⅡα(基因定位于17q)和TopoⅡβ(基因定位于3p),兩種酶的基因產物分別為170kD和180kD的同型二聚體蛋白質[6],而原核生物拓撲異構酶Ⅱ又被稱作旋轉酶。在功能上,TopoⅡ在生物體細胞核內廣泛存在,其能對核酸的空間結構變化進行動態(tài)調節(jié),從而控制核酸的生理功能。其生物學功能可經兩種方式實現(xiàn),一是直接參與那些需先打斷后使DNA分子鏈重新連接的DNA的修復、重組、轉錄及復制過程;二是通過間接對DNA的超螺旋狀態(tài)進行調節(jié)控制,使DNA的環(huán)連體狀態(tài)得到解結或打結,從而使細胞內核酸代謝過程受到間接影響[7]。值得注意的是,雖然人類的TopoⅡα和TopoⅡβ兩種同工酶酶促活性相似并在結構上高度同源,但有顯著的差異性分布于細胞和組織內。就細胞內分布而言,TopoⅡα主要分布于細胞核漿,并多呈網狀結構聚集于染色體著絲粒周圍,而TopoⅡβ則主要分布在核仁區(qū);就組織內分布而言,TopoⅡα大多分布于增殖細胞中,而TopoⅡβ則幾乎存在于所有細胞中[8];而就蛋白表達而言,TopoⅡα的蛋白水平細胞周期特異性明顯,表現(xiàn)為在G1期較低,S期開始升高,G2/M期達到頂峰,而TopoⅡβ無明顯的細胞周期特性,在該過程中始終保持相對穩(wěn)定[9]。

        1.3 TopoⅡ在乳腺癌治療中的應用

        作為抗癌藥物的作用靶點,TopoⅡ在多種腫瘤治療中已被廣泛關注。Desmedt等研究表明[10],蒽環(huán)類藥物可使DNA與TopoⅡ形成穩(wěn)定的易裂復合物,對TopoⅡ的DNA斷裂-再連接反應進行阻止并斷裂雙鏈DNA,進而使細胞增殖受到抑制。在細胞內若TopoⅡ水平下降則可對TopoⅡ抑制劑的抗腫瘤活性產生較大影響,而其降低的含量和活性可讓腫瘤細胞產生耐藥性[11]。腫瘤中TopoⅡ的過度表達可使細胞的增殖狀態(tài)得到有效反映,提示預后不良,亦是對蒽環(huán)類細胞毒性藥物的敏感反應指標[12]。Al-Trawneh等[13]對比了乳腺癌患者晚期TopoⅡα高表達時使用蒽環(huán)類與紫杉類藥物解救化療的效果,認為若患者TopoⅡα表達陽性,則其接受單藥阿霉素的治療總有效率明顯升高,表明蒽環(huán)類藥物可有效治療TopoⅡα蛋白過表達的乳腺癌患者。而Zaczek等[14]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),采用蒽環(huán)類藥物治療后TopoⅡα陽性組患者總生存期和無病生存期均高于陰性組。

        1.4 TopoⅡ與HER-2原癌基因表達的關系

        乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和預后等與HER-2原癌基因關系密切,其是乳腺癌主要致病相關基因。20%~30%的乳腺癌患者中可見HER-2擴增和蛋白過度表達,其與腫瘤惡性程度常呈正相關,可單獨作為判斷乳腺癌預后的獨立指標,并且在臨床上HER-2已成為常用的預測曲妥珠單抗的臨床指標[15]。Stamatakos等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HER-2與TopoⅡα的共同高表達存在于多種腫瘤中,目前尚未完全闡明兩者之間的發(fā)生機制以及相互關系,加上二者在基因定位上非常接近(均位于17q12-22)。因此,相當一部分學者認為在TopoⅡα基因激活擴增或缺失的同時使HER-2擴增,兩種基因存在著拷貝數(shù)和表達高低上的變化的某種聯(lián)系[17]。Schindlbeck等[18]研究認為TopoⅡα基因和蛋白質的改變能夠由HER-2的過度表達引起。而Parissenti等[19]研究認為,細胞僅對HER-2高表達時對蒽環(huán)類藥物不敏感,而出現(xiàn)HER-2和TopoⅡα的同時高表達時,腫瘤細胞的敏感性才提高顯著。Nielsen等[20]通過67例乳腺癌患者經阿霉素治療后的研究結果證實TopoⅡα擴增與HER-2呈正相關,而TopoⅡα擴增亦與其臨床療效關系密切,即95%的患者當TopoⅡα與HER-2共擴增時療效明顯高于其他亞組(P = 0.038)。提示蒽環(huán)類藥物化療療效的預測可用TopoⅡα基因表達標志物來預測,而蒽環(huán)類療效通過HER-2預測其實質是TopoⅡα表達發(fā)揮作用的[21]。Moelans等[22]研究認為進展期乳腺癌的無病生存率與TopoⅡα的表達增加關系密切。Mays等[23]經過類似研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)腫瘤分期和TopoⅡα表達關系密切,而與HER-2、組織學分級表達、臨床分期無明顯相關,表明TopoⅡα是除上述因素之外獨立的預后預測因素。Loss等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)TopoⅡα不僅已成為腫瘤MDR的重要指標,而且其與HER-2的共表達在對乳腺癌臨床分期及腫瘤大小的評價中意義重大,兩者聯(lián)合可作為乳腺癌預后的敏感標志物。因此,臨床中對于共表達HER-2與TopoⅡα的患者,其最佳治療方案可考慮Herceptin與蒽環(huán)類藥物的聯(lián)合,但需注意兩者聯(lián)用可能會使心臟的毒性反應增加[25]。

        2 Ki67與基底細胞樣乳腺癌的相關性

        2.1 Ki67的概念及其生物學功能

        1983年,Gerdes J等首先發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原并認為有絲分裂和增殖細胞與該抗原的功能有密切關系,其不僅是細胞增殖的表現(xiàn),可成為標記細胞增殖狀態(tài)的抗原[26]。而且在分裂期表達增加,在M期達到高峰,因而可被當成細胞增殖的重要標記物。Ki67僅在核的周期性增生中表達而在其他細胞中不表達,因而在G0期細胞中常無Ki67表達[27]。而Ki67作為雙分子蛋白在核中表達,其不僅被廣泛應用于測定各種腫瘤增殖活性,其也成為對腫瘤預后產生重要影響的因素[28]。

        2.2 Ki67與乳腺癌相關性研究進展

        Ki67抗原僅表達于增殖細胞核中,是細胞增殖的相關蛋白,已成為細胞增殖活性檢測的敏感和重要指標,目前常用于乳腺癌治療的指導。Xu等[29]認為Ki67表達對乳腺癌的預后影響十分重大,其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67在乳腺癌和癌旁組織中的表達分別為66.67%和5.0%(P > 0.05)。腫瘤大小、年齡均與Ki67的表達相關性不顯著(P < 0.05),而與腫瘤組織分級、淋巴結轉移相關性顯著,說明乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預后與Ki67聯(lián)系緊密。Santisteban等[30]在研究乳腺癌組織中Survivin、Ki67基因的表達及其與C-erbB-2基因的關系中,結果表明Ki67陽性率在乳腺癌組織中為74%,與Plesan等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)的78%相近。該研究還顯示乳腺癌臨床分期與Ki67表達關系密切,Ki67的陽性率隨著臨床分期的遞增而增加明顯。此外,Klintman等[32]研究結果還發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67的表達與患者的年齡、腫瘤大小、淋巴結轉移狀況等相關性均不明顯。Colozza等[33]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原水平表達與乳腺癌淋巴結轉移程度關系密切,而腫瘤細胞增殖活性又與腫瘤淋巴結轉移關系密切。作為一種與增殖細胞相關的核抗原,Ki67抗原水平高表達時易出現(xiàn)乳腺癌淋巴結轉移[34],且腫瘤細胞活性可由Ki67蛋白的表達反映,與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉移關系密切[35]。而Morimoto等[36]在研究乳腺癌中p53、Ki67、ER、PR的表達及其臨床意義中發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67蛋白的陽性表達率高達79.3%,而本研究顯示Ki67在乳腺癌Ⅲ級表達中平均值為(23.15±6.43),高于乳腺癌Ⅱ級(P < 0.05),證明了乳腺癌表達與其腋淋巴的轉移聯(lián)系緊密。

        3 展望

        現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學認為,作為一種多因素多階段的過程,腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展與多種因素和力量所共同作用的結果相關[37]。根據(jù)相關文獻報道顯示[37,38],TopoⅡ及Ki67的表達主要根據(jù)腫瘤惡性程度的高低而對預后產生較大影響,兩者是既相互獨立又互相補充的預后因素。其聯(lián)合檢測有利于乳腺癌的診斷以及選擇治療方案,從而進一步提高治療的針對性和有效性,使無效或過度治療得到避免[38]。值得注意的是,若具體到乳腺癌的病理分型,上述兩者機制的臨床意義尚有待進一步研究。

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        (收稿日期:2011-09-19)

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