常旭紅,張鈺,吳建茹,王蓓,唐萌
(1.環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,東南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210009;2.東南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)系,江蘇南京 210009;3.江蘇省生物材料與器件重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室東南大學(xué),江蘇南京 210009)
近年來(lái)大氣顆粒物污染問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重,國(guó)內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)研究報(bào)道表明:顆粒物的污染與許多健康效應(yīng)相關(guān),可造成機(jī)體多系統(tǒng)損害,特別對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的影響不容忽視。顆粒物濃度短期升高能誘發(fā)心律失常、加重心衰、激發(fā)急性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和缺血性心臟病等心血管損害,有關(guān)顆粒物對(duì)人體健康影響的研究已取得了較多的成果。我們將主要從不同空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)粒徑的顆粒物對(duì)心血管疾病的急性影響方面進(jìn)行回顧和系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),了解顆粒物的研究趨勢(shì)和目前存在的問(wèn)題。
1.1.1 文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)發(fā)表的大氣顆粒物對(duì)心血管疾病研究的急性效應(yīng)文獻(xiàn),微米級(jí)顆粒物只納入時(shí)間序列研究文獻(xiàn),納米級(jí)顆粒物納入顆粒物對(duì)心血管急性效應(yīng)的各類(lèi)研究文獻(xiàn)。
1.1.2 研究對(duì)象 大氣顆粒物對(duì)心血管疾病急性效應(yīng)的人群,不分性別、年齡、職業(yè)、種族和國(guó)籍。
1.1.3 效應(yīng)指標(biāo) (1)可吸入顆粒物(PM10)、粗顆粒物(PM2.5~10)和細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5):效應(yīng)為人群因心血管病的入院率和死亡率,關(guān)聯(lián)指標(biāo)為相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)、率差(RD)以及各自的95%CI;(2)超細(xì)顆粒物(UFP):UFP對(duì)人群心血管疾病的急性效應(yīng)研究結(jié)果,包括可能的生物標(biāo)志物或效應(yīng)改變指標(biāo)。
1.2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索 中文檢索詞:顆粒物、納米顆粒、超細(xì)顆粒物、心血管疾病、時(shí)間序列研究、急性效應(yīng)等;英文檢 索 詞:ultrafine particle,nanomaterial,superfine particle,PM,cardiovascular,time series等;檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):Web of science、Pubmed、Cnki、萬(wàn)方等電子數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),同時(shí)手工檢索相關(guān)雜志、專(zhuān)業(yè)資料和網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息,刪選相關(guān)文章。文獻(xiàn)語(yǔ)種限為英文和中文。
1.2.2 文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 研究設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)型:微米級(jí)顆粒物選擇為時(shí)間序列的研究文章,納米級(jí)顆粒物選擇急性效應(yīng)(時(shí)間序列、固定群組,交叉設(shè)計(jì))的研究文章。研究因素:不同粒徑的顆粒物。研究對(duì)象:心血管疾病的全人群研究;符合研究資料中規(guī)定的指標(biāo)要求。
1.2.3 文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 排除心血管疾病慢性或長(zhǎng)期作用研究文章,文章顆粒物粒徑描述不明確,研究結(jié)果不是全人群的文章以及有關(guān)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的文章。
1.2.4 資料提取 由兩位研究者對(duì)文章進(jìn)行篩選,爭(zhēng)議通過(guò)討論解決。提取內(nèi)容包括研究題目、作者、文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型、來(lái)源、研究方法、效應(yīng)指標(biāo)、相關(guān)研究結(jié)果等。
1.2.5 資料分析 采用Stata 10.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,對(duì)同一類(lèi)型研究結(jié)果文章多于兩篇的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行結(jié)果合并,研究結(jié)果不一致,無(wú)法合并的進(jìn)行定性描述總結(jié)。研究之間的異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)采用卡方檢驗(yàn),P>0.10時(shí),多個(gè)研究具有同質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型,計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值和95%CI;P≤0.10時(shí),多個(gè)研究具有異質(zhì)性,在分析異質(zhì)性原因的基礎(chǔ)上,考慮使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)值和95%CI;潛在的發(fā)表偏倚采用Begg's秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)分析(α =0.05)。
輸入相關(guān)檢索詞檢索文章,排除重復(fù)后共納入endnote文獻(xiàn)管理軟件文章315篇,排除研究方法、對(duì)象不符合文獻(xiàn)后剩余104篇,排除綜述類(lèi)和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)文章剩余61篇,最后精讀文獻(xiàn),納入符合要求的文章51篇,文獻(xiàn)納入過(guò)程詳見(jiàn)圖1。其中有關(guān)PM10研究文獻(xiàn) 35 篇,PM2.5~10研究文獻(xiàn) 10 篇,PM2.5研究文獻(xiàn) 20篇,UFP 研究文獻(xiàn) 9 篇(表1、2、3、4)。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)檢索評(píng)價(jià)流程圖Fig 1 The process chart of retrieve literature
PM10與心血管疾病入院率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究共有10篇文獻(xiàn),其中3篇以RR為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,由于有2篇未給出置信區(qū)間,無(wú)法定量合成,3篇文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果不一致(表1);另有7篇以AR為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算合并 RD及95%CI為0.7%(0.1%,1.3%),經(jīng) Begg's秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)無(wú)發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.764)。PM10與心血管疾病死亡率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究中,有12篇文獻(xiàn)以RR為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,有20篇文獻(xiàn)以RD為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,由于各研究間存在異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并,RR及95%CI合并值為1.02(1.01,1.03),經(jīng) Begg's 秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)沒(méi)有發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.373);RD及 95%CI合并值為 0.51%(0.36%,0.65%),經(jīng) Begg's檢驗(yàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.035),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1、圖 2。
表1 PM10與心血管疾病時(shí)間序列研究文章Tab 1 The relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
圖2 PM10對(duì)心血管疾病死亡率影響的關(guān)系評(píng)價(jià)Fig 2 Evaluation of the relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease mortality
PM2.5~10與心血管疾病入院率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究共有5篇文獻(xiàn),其中2篇以RR為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,僅1篇給出95%CI,不能對(duì)其進(jìn)行合并;另3篇以RD為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)提示各研究間無(wú)異質(zhì)性,因此,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并,RD及95%CI合并值為0.3%(0.01%,0.7%)。PM2.5~10與心血管疾病死亡率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究結(jié)果均采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并,RR 及95%CI合并值為 1.024(1.010,1.038),RD及95%CI合并值為0.3%(0.01%,0.6%),Begg's秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)顯示無(wú)顯著發(fā)表偏倚(P>0.05),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。
表2 PM2.5~10與心血管疾病時(shí)間序列研究文章Tab 2 The relationship between PM2.5 ~ 10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
PM2.5與心血管疾病入院率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究共有9篇文獻(xiàn),其中3篇以RR為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,6篇文獻(xiàn)以RD為關(guān)聯(lián)變量,經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)均采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并,RR 及 95%CI合并值為1.027(1.015,1.038),RD 及 95%CI合并值為 0.9%(0.7%,1.1%),經(jīng) Begg's檢驗(yàn)無(wú)發(fā)表偏倚(P > 0.05)。PM2.5與心血管疾病死亡率關(guān)系的時(shí)間序列研究共16篇,均采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并,RR及95%CI合并值為1.013(1.002,1.025),RD 及 95%CI合并值為 0.86%(0.47%,1.24%),經(jīng) Begg's檢驗(yàn)無(wú)發(fā)表偏倚(P >0.05),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3、圖3。
表3 PM2.5與心血管疾病時(shí)間序列研究文章Tab 3 The relationship between PM2.5and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
納米顆粒物是指直徑在100 nm以下的顆粒物質(zhì),相當(dāng)于文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中常見(jiàn)的超細(xì)顆粒物(UFP,空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑在0.1 μm之下),隨著納米材料生物安全性及納米毒理學(xué)相關(guān)研究的深入,納米尺度物質(zhì)對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的潛在危害受到極大關(guān)注,但有關(guān)納米材料物質(zhì)的危害研究在國(guó)內(nèi)外還主要集中在動(dòng)物和細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn),有關(guān)人群的報(bào)道相對(duì)較少。本研究總結(jié)了有關(guān)納米級(jí)顆粒物對(duì)人群心血管疾病的研究結(jié)果,提示納米級(jí)顆粒物與人體心血管疾病存在關(guān)聯(lián),但結(jié)論不盡一致,結(jié)果詳見(jiàn)表4。
有害物質(zhì)的危險(xiǎn)度評(píng)價(jià)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定必須有來(lái)自毒理學(xué)和流行病學(xué)兩方面的資料,而流行病學(xué)資料是最直接的證據(jù)。顆粒物對(duì)人群的急性效應(yīng)研究方法一般為時(shí)間序列研究、病例交叉研究和固定群組追蹤研究。在這3種研究方法中,時(shí)間序列研究是最常用的一種方法。因此,本研究中選擇時(shí)間序列研究的文獻(xiàn)探討顆粒物對(duì)心血管疾病的急性影響,但由于超細(xì)顆粒物對(duì)人群心血管疾病研究較少,因此,研究方法不局限于時(shí)間序列研究,擴(kuò)大研究方法范圍。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,不同粒徑的顆粒物均為心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素,且心血管疾病入院率和死亡率與粒徑有關(guān),PM2.5的危害高于PM10。但由于不同來(lái)源研究的顆粒物濃度、組成成分不盡一致,以及時(shí)間序列研究中滯后時(shí)間的差異,因此,顆粒物粒徑與危害效應(yīng)的量效關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步探討。從研究方法上看,本研究設(shè)計(jì)了嚴(yán)格的文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),文獻(xiàn)收集系統(tǒng)全面,結(jié)果有一定可信度,但也存在不足,諸多因素如語(yǔ)種影響可能帶來(lái)語(yǔ)言偏倚,導(dǎo)致檢索不全,今后研究中可加強(qiáng)除中英文外的其他語(yǔ)種相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的收集。
近年來(lái)納米技術(shù)快速發(fā)展,工程納米材料大量出現(xiàn)使納米產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的暴露機(jī)會(huì)增加。納米材料已逐漸應(yīng)用于藥學(xué)中,這意味著納米顆粒勢(shì)必將有更多機(jī)會(huì)與血管、血液及其中的成分發(fā)生相互作用。從文獻(xiàn)回顧中我們也可以看出,對(duì)顆粒物的研究從微米級(jí)開(kāi)始一直到現(xiàn)在向納米級(jí)顆粒物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移,細(xì)顆粒物和納米級(jí)顆粒物對(duì)人體健康的影響成為國(guó)際環(huán)境流行病學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,而UFPs被認(rèn)為是介導(dǎo)顆粒物不良健康效應(yīng)的主要因素。國(guó)內(nèi)外流行病學(xué)和毒理學(xué)等學(xué)科的研究在該領(lǐng)域取得了一定成績(jī),使人們對(duì)顆粒物與健康關(guān)系取得初步認(rèn)識(shí),但目前納米級(jí)顆粒對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)毒性的證據(jù)還非常有限,關(guān)于納米級(jí)顆粒物研究成果還遠(yuǎn)不能滿(mǎn)足環(huán)境健康決策以及與大眾進(jìn)行環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交流的需要,有很多科學(xué)問(wèn)題需要解決,需要利用各種動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)、臨床試驗(yàn)及流行病學(xué)研究探討納米顆粒對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的影響,建立適合反映納米顆粒致?lián)p傷的生物學(xué)終點(diǎn),明確其機(jī)制。
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