現(xiàn)在可以確定地說(shuō),地球不會(huì)在2012年12月消亡。然而,人們對(duì)于世界末日的恐慌卻不會(huì)因此而結(jié)束??v觀歷史,每隔一段時(shí)間就會(huì)冒出一些末日論,從外星球撞擊地球到冰河世紀(jì),再到僵尸來(lái)襲,末日恐慌為何如此生生不息?
Humanity will survive the supposed December 2012 apocalypse, but, unfortunately, so will irrational doomsday fears, scientists say.
Doomsayers around the world are gearing up2) for Armageddon3) on Dec. 21, based on predictions supposedly made by the Mayans more than 1,000 years ago. Even after the sun rises on Dec. 22, however, many folks will be only momentarily reassured, quickly latching onto4) another scenario purported5) to bring about the apocalypse within their lifetime.
The persistence of these worries stems from a variety of factors, researchers say. The deluge6) of misinformation on the Internet, poorly developed or underutilized critical thinking skills and plain old human nature all contribute, convincing many people to fear the worst despite the lack of compelling evidence (and the poor track record of such dire7) predictions over the years).
“There have been end-of-the-world predictions every few years throughout history, really,” said astronomer David Morrison, head of the Carl Sagan8) Center for the Study of Life in the Universe at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute in Mountain View, Calif. “We had two or three last year.”
Morrison spoke at the SETICon 2 conference in Santa Clara, Calif., on June 23 during a panel discussion called “Cosmophobia: Doomsday 2012 and Other Fiction Science.”
Flood of misinformation
Though Morrison and other scientists work hard to tamp down9) fears of Comet Elenin10), the mythical planet Nibiru11) and other supposed agents of impending doom, their voices of reason have a hard time being heard these days.
“We are completely drowned out by the doomsayers on the Internet,” Morrison said. “It’s very hard for the truth to even get a hearing12).”
It’s especially hard to reach young people, most of whom seem unable to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, he added.
“At the best, they will just count numbers,” Morrison said. “‘Well, there are 83 websites that say the world will end in 2012, and one that says it won’t. So it must be true.’”
Not all of the misinformation is coming from altruistic13) folks who just want to get the worried word out14), said Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, Calif. Some of it is probably pumped out by people trying to make a buck15).
“Today, it seems like money is much more important than truth, that anything goes,” Fraknoi said. “Fear-mongering16) has become a large and profitable industry.”
Data from the publishing world appear to back him up: A search for “Doomsday 2012” books on Amazon.com returns nearly 200 titles.
Human nature
But not all of the blame can be laid at the Internet’s feet. Doomsday fears have cropped up repeatedly throughout history, and in most cases they weren’t sustained by YouTube videos and “Nibiru” Google searches.
The Millerites17), for example, believed that Jesus Christ would return to Earth in 1843 or 1844, and that the world as we know it would be destroyed in the process. Another group called the Seekers thought a huge flood would ravage our planet on Dec. 21, 1954. The Seekers’ leader, a Chicago woman named Dorothy Martin18), claimed to have gotten this information from aliens living on the planet Clarion.
We shouldn’t be too surprised whenever such cults grab the headlines, said Leonard Mlodinow, a Caltech physicist and author of such books as The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randonmness Rules Our Lives and The Grand Design (which he wrote with Stephen Hawking19)).
“I think it’s a very natural human phenomenon,” Mlodninow said. “People who we consider very rational believe such things all the time.”
He cited today’s major religions, saying that they would have seemed just as odd and irrational as the doomsday cults if we’d encountered them back in the early days, before they became so well established.
“I don’t consider those people particularly weird,” Mlodinow said of modern doomsayers. “I just think that they’re early adopters.”
There’s likely some ego-boosting psychology involved as well, said Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at the SETI Institute.
“To some extent, it’s a very empowering thought—that you know something very important that those nerdy, pointy-headed20), tweed21)-jacketed academics down at the local university won’t acknowledge,” Shostak said. “I think you have to look for the answers there.”
Is education the answer?
Whatever their causes, doomsday fears are quite prevalent in the United States and abroad.
For example, a poll commissioned by the news agency Reuters earlier this year found that 15 percent of people worldwide—or roughly one billion folks—believe the apocalypse will come during their lifetime. In the United States, the figure is 22 percent.
Such worries aren’t just interesting sociological or psychological phenomena, Morrison said. They can have tragic consequences for believers.
“At least once a week, I get a question from a young person—usually 11, 12 years old—who says they are contemplating suicide before the end of the world,” Morrison said. “I know of several cases at least of reported suicides, of people who are obsessed with the end of the world in 2012.”
The best way to combat irrational doomsday worries—especially among the young—is education, Fraknoi said. We need to teach better critical thinking skills and instill a love of discovery that will inspire kids to seek out the truth—and make them less likely to be gulled22) by fanciful rumors.
“Ask yourself the question, ‘Why should I believe a word of this?’” Fraknoi said. “If you know how to answer, ‘Why should I believe a word of this?’ then you’re much closer to scientific truth.”
科學(xué)家稱,人類將在所謂的“2012年12月世界末日”到來(lái)之時(shí)幸免于難,然而遺憾的是,荒誕無(wú)稽的末日恐慌卻將持續(xù)下去。
世界各地的末日論者基于據(jù)傳是一千多年前瑪雅人的預(yù)言,正在準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對(duì)12月21日世界末日的來(lái)臨。但即便12月22日太陽(yáng)照常升起,很多人也只不過(guò)是暫時(shí)放下心來(lái),不久之后就會(huì)因?yàn)橛忠粋€(gè)聲稱會(huì)在他們有生之年引發(fā)世界末日的狀況而憂心忡忡。
研究者稱,這些擔(dān)憂之所以陰魂不散,原因是多方面的?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上泛濫的虛假信息、先天不足或未予以充分利用的批判性思維能力,以及再平常不過(guò)的人類天性,都與之不無(wú)關(guān)系。這讓許多人有理由害怕世界末日的到來(lái),盡管缺乏強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)(而且多年來(lái)此類恐怖預(yù)言并無(wú)什么成功記錄)。
“實(shí)際上,縱觀歷史,每隔幾年都會(huì)冒出一些關(guān)于世界末日的預(yù)言,”加州山景城的SETI (搜尋地外文明)研究所卡爾·薩根宇宙生命研究中心負(fù)責(zé)人、天文學(xué)家大衛(wèi)·莫里森說(shuō),“去年就有兩三個(gè)?!?/p>
6月23日在加州圣克拉拉召開(kāi)的第二次SETI會(huì)議期間,莫里森在一個(gè)以“宇宙恐慌:2012世界末日論及其他虛幻科學(xué)”為專題的分組討論中作了上述發(fā)言。
虛假消息泛濫成災(zāi)
盡管莫里森及其他科學(xué)家竭力紓解人們對(duì)葉列寧彗星、虛構(gòu)的尼比魯行星以及其他據(jù)稱可能引發(fā)世界末日的因素的恐懼,但是對(duì)于他們理性的聲音,人們?nèi)缃窈茈y聽(tīng)得進(jìn)去。
“我們的聲音被互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的末日論調(diào)徹底淹沒(méi)了,”莫里森說(shuō),“我們甚至很難找到揭示真相的機(jī)會(huì)。”
他又補(bǔ)充道,年輕人尤其聽(tīng)不進(jìn)去,他們大多數(shù)人似乎對(duì)消息來(lái)源的可靠與否缺乏辨別力。
“他們充其量只會(huì)通過(guò)數(shù)字來(lái)判斷真假,”莫里森說(shuō),“‘有83個(gè)網(wǎng)站說(shuō)世界末日會(huì)在2012年來(lái)臨,有一個(gè)網(wǎng)站說(shuō)不會(huì),看來(lái)世界末日真的會(huì)到來(lái)?!?/p>
加州洛斯阿爾托斯希爾斯山麓學(xué)院天文學(xué)系主任安德魯·弗拉克諾伊說(shuō),在傳遞虛假信息的人中,并非所有人都是懷著利他之心表達(dá)自己的擔(dān)憂,有些人可能是為了斂財(cái)才散布這些消息的。
“現(xiàn)如今,金錢似乎比真相重要得多,(只要能掙錢)怎么說(shuō)都行,”弗拉克諾伊說(shuō),“制造恐慌已經(jīng)成為有利可圖的一大產(chǎn)業(yè)?!?/p>
來(lái)自出版業(yè)的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)似乎也證明他所言非虛:在亞馬遜網(wǎng)站搜索“2012世界末日”之類的書籍,可以找出近兩百部。
人類本性作祟
不過(guò),我們也不能一味地怪罪互聯(lián)網(wǎng)??v觀歷史,末日恐慌一再出現(xiàn),而且在大多數(shù)情況下,人們之所以惶惶不可終日,并不是因?yàn)榭戳薡ouTube視頻和在谷歌中搜索“尼比魯”的緣故。
比如,“米勒派”相信耶穌基督在1843或1844年會(huì)重返地球,屆時(shí)我們所知的這個(gè)世界會(huì)遭到毀滅。另一個(gè)名為“探尋者”的組織則認(rèn)為1954年12月21日會(huì)有一場(chǎng)特大洪水吞噬我們的星球?!疤綄ふ摺必?fù)責(zé)人是一名來(lái)自芝加哥的女性,名叫多蘿西·馬丁。她聲稱自己是從生活在克拉里昂行星上的外星人那里得到這一訊息的。
這類狂熱的末日論無(wú)論何時(shí)搶占新聞?lì)^條,我們都不應(yīng)太過(guò)驚訝,加州理工學(xué)院物理學(xué)家萊昂納德·姆羅迪諾如此說(shuō)道。他是《醉漢的腳步:隨機(jī)性如何主宰我們的生活》和《大設(shè)計(jì)》(與斯蒂芬·霍金合著)這兩本書的作者。
“我認(rèn)為這是一種很自然的人類現(xiàn)象。”姆羅迪諾說(shuō),“在我們看來(lái)很理性的人也總是對(duì)這類事情深信不疑?!?/p>
他列舉了當(dāng)今的主要宗教流派,說(shuō)如果我們了解這些宗教在立足未穩(wěn)的初期時(shí)的樣子,也會(huì)認(rèn)為它們和末日論一樣荒誕離奇。
“我不認(rèn)為那些人有什么特別怪異之處。我覺(jué)得他們只不過(guò)接受末日論比較早而已。” 提及現(xiàn)代的末日論者時(shí),姆羅迪諾如此說(shuō)道。
SETI研究所資深天文學(xué)家賽思·肖斯塔克表示,這樣的觀點(diǎn)中可能包含了一些自我激勵(lì)的心理。
“在某種程度上,這是一種非常‘給力’的想法:你知道某些很重要的事,但是當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)里那些讀死書、尖腦袋、身穿花呢夾克的學(xué)究們卻不會(huì)承認(rèn),”肖斯塔克說(shuō),“我覺(jué)得你得從這里找答案?!?/p>
教育能解決問(wèn)題?
無(wú)論因何而起,世界末日的恐慌在美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家都相當(dāng)普遍。
譬如,路透新聞社今年早些時(shí)候開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),全世界有15%的人——約有十億人——相信世界末日會(huì)在其有生之年來(lái)臨。在美國(guó),這一數(shù)字為22%。
莫里森說(shuō),這樣的擔(dān)憂并不僅僅是有趣的社會(huì)學(xué)或心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象。它們可能會(huì)為篤信者帶來(lái)悲劇性的后果。
“每周我都能接到至少一位年輕人——通常十一二歲——提出的問(wèn)題,說(shuō)他們打算在世界末日到來(lái)之前自我了斷,”莫里森說(shuō),“據(jù)我所知,至少有幾起自殺事件的報(bào)道,當(dāng)事人都是因?yàn)闊o(wú)法擺脫2012年世界末日的困擾。”
弗拉克諾伊說(shuō),要消除非理性的末日憂慮,最好的辦法是教育,對(duì)年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)尤其如此。我們必須強(qiáng)化批判性思維能力的培養(yǎng),讓孩子們愛(ài)上探索,以激勵(lì)他們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn)真相,讓他們不那么容易被那些稀奇古怪的謠言蒙騙。
“你要問(wèn)自己:‘我為什么要相信這個(gè)傳聞?’”弗拉克諾伊說(shuō),“如果你知道怎樣回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題,你離科學(xué)真相就更近了一步?!?/p>
1.apocalypse [??p?k??l?ps] n. 世界的毀滅,世界末日
2.gear up:準(zhǔn)備好;安排好
3.Armageddon [?ɑ?(r)m??ɡed(?)n] n. (基督教《圣經(jīng)》中所說(shuō)的)世界末日的善惡大決戰(zhàn)
4.latch onto:抓住,纏住不放
5.purport [p?(r)?p??(r)t] vt. 聲稱,宣稱
6.deluge [?delju?d?] n. 泛濫
7.dire [?da??(r)] adj. 預(yù)示災(zāi)難的,不詳?shù)?/p>
8.Carl Sagan:卡爾·薩根 (1934~1996),美國(guó)天文學(xué)家、科普作家、科幻小說(shuō)作家
9.tamp down:強(qiáng)行壓下,壓制
10.Comet Elenin:葉列寧彗星,2011年10月16日它以3500萬(wàn)公里的距離與地球“擦肩而過(guò)”。此前有人認(rèn)為它會(huì)撞擊地球,引發(fā)災(zāi)難。
11.Nibiru:尼比魯,又稱“X星球(Planet X)”,是在蘇美爾人的歷史遺跡中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一顆假想行星。謠言稱它將在2012年左右引起地球毀滅,科幻作品中也紛紛使用尼比魯作為“災(zāi)難之星”。
12.get a hearing:獲得申辯(或發(fā)言)的機(jī)會(huì)
13.altruistic [??ltru??st?k] adj. 利他主義的,無(wú)私的
14.get sth. out:說(shuō)出
15.make a buck:賺錢
16.mongering [?m??ɡ?r??] n. 兜售;散布;制造
17.Millerites:米勒派信徒,指威廉·米勒(William Miller, 1782~1849)的追隨者。米勒是美國(guó)紐約州農(nóng)民,從1831年起開(kāi)始傳道,根據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》的某些章節(jié)推算出世界將于1843年3月21日至1844年3月21日之間的某個(gè)時(shí)間毀滅。
18.Dorothy Martin:多蘿西·馬?。?900~1992),芝加哥的一位家庭主婦,她宣稱自己跟虛構(gòu)的Clarion行星上的人取得了聯(lián)系。這些外星人告訴她,地球?qū)⒃?954年12月21日毀于洪水,忠實(shí)的信徒們?cè)谀翘煳缫箍梢源畛孙w碟獲得拯救。
19.Stephen Hawking:斯蒂芬·霍金(1942~),英國(guó)著名物理學(xué)家,被譽(yù)為繼愛(ài)因斯坦之后最杰出的理論物理學(xué)家。
20.pointy-headed:尖腦袋(指知識(shí)分子)的
21.tweed [twi?d] n. (粗)花呢
22.gull [ɡ?l] vt. 欺騙,愚弄