徐全才, 姜 嵐, 李爭(zhēng)寧,1b
(1. 大連大學(xué) a. 環(huán)境與化學(xué)工程學(xué)院; b. 遼寧省生物有機(jī)化學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,遼寧 大連 116622)
2-烷基噁唑啉可作為催化反應(yīng)的配體[1,2],合成中的手性輔基[3],保護(hù)基或羧酸類藥物前體[4,5]等,在催化、有機(jī)合成及藥物化學(xué)中有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值。在已報(bào)道的2-烷基噁唑啉的合成方法中,由N-β-羥基酰胺經(jīng)分子內(nèi)脫水環(huán)合或由腈與氨基醇經(jīng)分子間脫水環(huán)合最為常用。在分子內(nèi)的脫水環(huán)合反應(yīng)中,首先用試劑(二氯亞砜[6],PPh3/CCl4/NEt3[7],磺酰氯[8])將羥基轉(zhuǎn)化為良好離去基,再經(jīng)分子內(nèi)SN2環(huán)合反應(yīng)來(lái)合成2-烷基噁唑啉,該方法中的羥基α-碳發(fā)生構(gòu)型保持或翻轉(zhuǎn)。也可采用質(zhì)子酸[9]或者路易斯酸[10]活化羰基,在較高溫度下發(fā)生環(huán)化反應(yīng),反應(yīng)中羥基α-碳構(gòu)型保持。
以PPh3/DEAD為活化及脫水試劑,可在溫和條件下經(jīng)一步反應(yīng)合成2-噁唑啉[11]。Iranpoor等用2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基苯醌(DDQ)代替DEAD,與PPh3組成的試劑可活化羥基進(jìn)行官能團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)化,將醇高產(chǎn)率地轉(zhuǎn)化為鹵代烷[12]、腈[13]、疊氮等化合物[14]。與DEAD相比,DDQ具有穩(wěn)定性高、價(jià)廉等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因而,DDQ/PPh3作為醇羥基的活化試劑具有其獨(dú)特的使用價(jià)值。
2,2,3,3-四甲基環(huán)丙烷羧酸(1)具有面對(duì)稱性和大位阻,由其衍生的化合物表現(xiàn)出一定的生物活性[15~17],但由其衍生的噁唑啉幾乎是一個(gè)空白研究領(lǐng)域。為此,本文以1和手性氨基醇(2a~2f)為原料,經(jīng)?;磻?yīng)制得6個(gè)N-β-羥基烷基酰胺(3a~3f);以DDQ/PPh3為羥基活化劑,3經(jīng)分子內(nèi)脫水環(huán)合合成了6個(gè)2-(2,2,3,3-四甲甲基環(huán)丙基)噁唑啉(4a~4f, Scheme 1),其中4b~4f為新化合物。4的結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR, IR和HR-MS表征。
Scheme1
該合成2-烷基噁唑啉的方法具有反應(yīng)條件溫和、反應(yīng)迅速、產(chǎn)率高[15]等特點(diǎn)。
A Kruss P3002RS型數(shù)字旋光儀(鈉光,20 ℃); BRUKER DRX 500型或Varian Mercury Plus 400核磁共振儀(CDCl3為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo));Hewlett-Packard 6890-5793型氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀;Micromass GTC GC/TOF MS型{測(cè)定[M+]}或UPLC/Q TOF MS型{測(cè)定[M+H]+}質(zhì)譜儀。
2a~2f, Alfa天津化學(xué)有限公司;其余所用試劑為分析純。
(1) 3的合成(以3b為例)
在連有尾氣吸收裝置的單口燒瓶中加入1 284 mg(2.00 mmol),二氯亞砜0.22 mL(3.0 mmol)和甲苯2.0 mL,攪拌下回流反應(yīng)2 h。減壓旋出溶劑,殘留物用二氯甲烷(5.0 mL)溶解得2,2,3,3-四甲基環(huán)丙烷甲酰氯溶液(Ⅰ)。
在反應(yīng)瓶中加入(S)-1-氨基-2-丙醇(2b)150 mg(0.2 mmol)和三乙胺0.56 mL(4.0 mmol)的二氯甲烷(3.0 mL)溶液,冰水浴冷卻,攪拌下于15 min內(nèi)緩慢滴加Ⅰ;于室溫反應(yīng)2 h后加少量水終止反應(yīng)。分液,有機(jī)相依次用水,NaOH溶液,水和飽和食鹽水洗滌,無(wú)水Na2SO4干燥,減壓脫溶,殘余物用乙酸乙酯/石油醚重結(jié)晶得白色固體3b,產(chǎn)率64.6%。用類似的方法合成3a, 3c~3f,產(chǎn)率60%~91%。
(2) 4的合成(4b為例)
方法一: 氬氣保護(hù)下,依次向烘干的Schlenk瓶中加入PPh3170 mg(0.648 mmol), DDQ 149 mg(0.648 mmol)和無(wú)水二氯甲烷5.0 mL,攪拌3 min;加入3b86 mg(0.432 mmol),于室溫反應(yīng)24 h。轉(zhuǎn)入分液漏斗中,用5%NaOH溶液(20 mL)洗滌,分出有機(jī)相,水層用二氯甲烷(3×10 mL)萃取,合并有機(jī)層,用飽和食鹽水(2 mL)洗滌,無(wú)水硫酸鈉干燥,減壓脫溶,殘余物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(洗脫劑:石油醚/乙酸乙酯)分離得無(wú)色油狀液體4b,產(chǎn)率65%。
方法二: 氬氣保護(hù)下,依次向烘干的Schlenk瓶中加入PPh3157 mg(0.599 mmol), DDQ 0.137 g(0.6 mmol)和甲苯5.0 mL,攪拌3 min;加入3b80 mg(0.4 mmol),回流反應(yīng)5 h。后處理同方法一制得4b,產(chǎn)率90%。
用方法一合成4a和4e;用方法二合成4c, 4d和4f。
2-(2,2,3,3-四甲基環(huán)丙基)噁唑啉(4a): 無(wú)色液體,產(chǎn)率91%;1H NMRδ: 4.15(t,J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83(t,J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 1.20(s, 6H), 1.18(s, 6H), 1.13(s, 1H);13C NMRδ: 167.3, 66.0, 54.5, 31.4(2C), 27.0, 23.5(2C), 17.7(2C); IRν: 2 919, 1 669, 1 199, 1 125, 1 038, 951, 903, 751, 595, 501 cm-1; LR-MSm/z:167(M+, 2), 154(8), 152(100), 137(6), 126(30), 110(12), 83(45), 81(17), 55(14), 41(14)。
前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,以DDQ/PPh3為羥基活化劑,于室溫反應(yīng)24 h,可將3a轉(zhuǎn)化成4a,產(chǎn)率91%。但位阻稍大的3b反應(yīng)28 h,4b的產(chǎn)率僅65%;改用甲苯為溶劑并在回流溫度下反應(yīng)5 h,產(chǎn)率提高至90%。為此,在甲苯中回流反應(yīng)合成了4c,4d和4f。
參考DEAD/PPh3,碳二亞胺活化促進(jìn)N-β-羥基酰胺轉(zhuǎn)化為噁唑啉的反應(yīng)機(jī)理及醇羥基相連的碳原子的構(gòu)型翻轉(zhuǎn)的事實(shí),我們推測(cè)在DDQ/PPh3的活化-脫水過(guò)程中,N-β-羥基酰胺中羥基碳發(fā)生SN2反應(yīng),其構(gòu)型發(fā)生翻轉(zhuǎn)。這可通過(guò)大位阻的4f的耦合常數(shù),4-H與5-H的J=7.9 Hz來(lái)證實(shí)。對(duì)于順式,反式2,4,5-三苯基噁唑啉,其4-H與5-H的J值分別為10.3 Hz, 7.3 Hz[19],由此推測(cè)4f中,4-H與5-H為反式關(guān)系。
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