100853 解放軍總醫(yī)院肝膽外科 陳永衛(wèi) 董家鴻(審校)
肝切除過(guò)程中入肝血流阻斷方法的探討
100853 解放軍總醫(yī)院肝膽外科 陳永衛(wèi) 董家鴻(審校)
目的 對(duì)肝切除過(guò)程中實(shí)施肝門血流阻斷方法進(jìn)行深入探討。方法 通過(guò)檢索中國(guó)醫(yī)院知識(shí)倉(cāng)庫(kù)全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、MEDLINE相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)對(duì)肝門血流阻斷的方法進(jìn)行分類,并客觀評(píng)估每種方法的利弊。結(jié)果 Pringle法是最早應(yīng)用于肝切術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)控制肝斷面失血量的方法,此法簡(jiǎn)單、易行,也是目前臨床應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種方法,但是時(shí)間不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),否則會(huì)對(duì)肝臟產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的缺血再灌注損傷,尤其對(duì)肝臟本身存在基礎(chǔ)病變的患者;全肝血流阻斷有很好的手術(shù)中控制失血量的效果,但是缺血再灌注損傷應(yīng)引起重視;半肝血流阻斷和保留肝動(dòng)脈的半肝血流阻斷方法一定程度上減輕了肝臟缺血再灌注損傷,但是只能應(yīng)用于手術(shù)操作位于一側(cè)半肝的患者,應(yīng)用范圍受到一定局限;肝段血流阻斷法對(duì)腫瘤較小且局限于一個(gè)肝段或相鄰幾個(gè)肝段的手術(shù)操作是一種理想的阻斷方法,但是由于操作復(fù)雜,定位困難,只能在一些醫(yī)療條件較好,且具備熟練解剖知識(shí)的高年資外科醫(yī)生中開展。結(jié)論 實(shí)施肝門血流阻斷,控制肝斷面失血量是肝臟手術(shù)中的一項(xiàng)重要技術(shù),目前臨床應(yīng)用的肝門控制方法各有利弊,探索一種既有較好的止血效果,又最大限度的減少因阻斷對(duì)肝臟產(chǎn)生損傷和對(duì)全身血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響的入肝血流阻斷方法,仍然需要深入的研究和探討。
肝蒂;阻斷方法;肝切除術(shù)
肝臟是一個(gè)血供豐富的內(nèi)臟器官,肝切除過(guò)程中肝創(chuàng)面出血是影響手術(shù)及術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)的重要因素。自1908年P(guān)ringle提出通過(guò)阻斷肝蒂的入肝血流方法來(lái)減少肝臟手術(shù)時(shí)出血的方法后,醫(yī)學(xué)研究者又提出多種改良方法,很大程度上提高了肝臟手術(shù)的安全性,促進(jìn)了復(fù)雜肝臟手術(shù)的開展[1-3]。然而,這些阻斷方法不可避免地會(huì)對(duì)殘留肝臟造成缺血再灌注損傷,因此,肝臟耐受阻斷的時(shí)間有一定限度,目前大量研究的重點(diǎn)集中在通過(guò)不斷改進(jìn)阻斷方法來(lái)減輕缺血再灌注損傷,以達(dá)到延長(zhǎng)肝臟耐受阻斷時(shí)限的目的[4-10]。下面作者對(duì)肝切除過(guò)程中入肝血流的阻斷方法的演進(jìn)及目前研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行回顧性總結(jié)。
1908年格拉斯格皇家醫(yī)院的外科醫(yī)生Pringle提出阻斷肝蒂入肝血流以減少肝臟手術(shù)中肝創(chuàng)面出血的方法[11],至今已有100多年歷史,目前仍然為許多臨床醫(yī)生采用,是一種應(yīng)用最廣泛的控制切肝時(shí)出血的措施,特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)便易行,少時(shí)實(shí)用[12],幾乎可用于各種類型的肝切除術(shù)[13]。但是,阻斷入肝血流會(huì)對(duì)肝臟產(chǎn)生明顯的熱缺血再灌注損傷,特別是對(duì)肝實(shí)質(zhì)本身存在脂肪變和肝硬化等病變患者,更應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格控制阻斷累計(jì)時(shí)間,否則術(shù)后發(fā)生急性肝衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[14]。另外,肝蒂阻斷時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)影響了腸道血液回流,會(huì)引起腸道黏膜屏障損害和腸道細(xì)菌移位,引起全身內(nèi)毒素血癥[15],甚至引起急性肺損傷[16]及胰腺功能損害[17]等多個(gè)器官的功能不全。對(duì)于肝腫瘤患者有研究表明肝臟缺血再灌注損傷可能增加腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。
全肝血流阻斷方法的提出是伴隨無(wú)血肝切除理念而產(chǎn)生的,又稱為無(wú)血肝切除術(shù)。1978年Huguet首次報(bào)告應(yīng)用該方法成功完成較困難的肝切除術(shù)14例[19]。該法阻斷血管的順序?yàn)椋焊怪鲃?dòng)脈(隔下位置)、肝十二指腸韌帶、肝下下腔靜脈和肝上下腔靜脈,開放的順序與阻斷順序相反。阻斷過(guò)程中會(huì)引起暫時(shí)性血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,部分病人無(wú)法耐受[20]。Stephen等人在99例肝大部切除時(shí)常規(guī)應(yīng)用這種方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)有門脈高壓的肝硬化患者死亡率較高[21]。有研究表明阻斷腹主動(dòng)脈會(huì)引起下肢和腹腔內(nèi)臟缺血、缺氧,甚至脊髓缺血,阻斷開放后所產(chǎn)生的酸性代謝產(chǎn)物和腸道內(nèi)毒素進(jìn)入循環(huán)會(huì)造成多臟器功能損害。另外,合并有肝硬化的患者,往往腹后壁有靜脈曲張,游離腹主動(dòng)脈易出血。之后,對(duì)此法進(jìn)行多次改良,如不阻斷腹主動(dòng)脈的方法,保留腔靜脈通暢的方法,體外靜脈轉(zhuǎn)流下全肝血流阻斷法等,這些方法雖然能達(dá)到較好的肝臟手術(shù)的止血效果,但是有操作復(fù)雜,對(duì)肝臟缺血再灌注損傷明顯,對(duì)全身血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響較大等缺點(diǎn),目前臨床應(yīng)用較少。
1987年日本的Makuuchi提出了半肝血流阻斷方法,以達(dá)到減輕肝臟缺血再灌注損傷和內(nèi)臟充血的目的[22]。半肝阻斷保留了健側(cè)半肝的正常入肝血流,離斷或阻斷患側(cè)半肝的入肝血流,避免健側(cè)肝臟缺血再灌注損傷,防止門脈系統(tǒng)淤血,保持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,為從容進(jìn)行手術(shù)爭(zhēng)取了時(shí)間[23]。國(guó)內(nèi)黃穎烽等對(duì)肝癌患者采用半肝阻斷和Pringle法進(jìn)行切肝對(duì)比,認(rèn)為半肝血流阻斷明顯優(yōu)越于Pringle法,術(shù)后肝功能恢復(fù)快,并發(fā)癥減少[24-25]。而Juan Figuera等研究表明對(duì)于正常肝臟,半肝血流阻斷和Pringle法無(wú)明顯差別,對(duì)于肝臟本身存在肝硬化、脂肪變等病變時(shí)半肝血流阻斷法能減輕肝細(xì)胞損害[26]。但是,這種阻斷方法由于需要解剖左右肝門,增加了手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)難度,更重要的是存在損傷并行膽管引起膽漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27],同時(shí)由于未阻斷的健側(cè)入肝血流增加,會(huì)增加保留側(cè)肝橫斷面20%的血流量,引起肝斷面出血量增多[28],甚至引起肝斷面嚴(yán)重出血[29]。
2005 中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)戴朝六等提出了保留肝動(dòng)脈的半肝血流阻斷技術(shù)。從入肝血流的流量分布和血氧含量的差異知正常肝臟70%~75%的血液供應(yīng)來(lái)自于門靜脈,而供氧40%~60%來(lái)自于動(dòng)脈血。因此,我們稱門靜脈入肝血流為功能性供血,動(dòng)脈血為營(yíng)養(yǎng)性供血,根據(jù)此特點(diǎn),戴朝六等提出保留健側(cè)半肝的動(dòng)脈,阻斷門靜脈,并完全阻斷患側(cè)肝門,以達(dá)到減少術(shù)中出血,又能保證健側(cè)的需氧量[30]。穆振國(guó)等報(bào)告該法優(yōu)于全肝入肝血流阻斷,對(duì)防治術(shù)后肝衰有重要意義[31]。但是,由于完全阻斷了門靜脈的入肝血流,對(duì)肝臟及腸道仍然存在熱缺血再灌注損傷,而且隨著外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,許多高難度、復(fù)雜手術(shù)的開展,如肝門部腫瘤、擴(kuò)大半肝切除技術(shù)等,均無(wú)法實(shí)施半肝血流阻斷,因此,半肝血流阻斷方法的應(yīng)用存在一定的局限性。
Castaing D等1989年提出超聲引導(dǎo)下肝段內(nèi)門脈血流阻斷技術(shù)[32],即在超聲引導(dǎo)下將氣囊導(dǎo)管插入病灶所在肝段門靜脈,后用生理鹽水注滿球囊,使球囊擴(kuò)張阻斷相應(yīng)分支,并門脈管道注入亞甲藍(lán),在染色肝實(shí)質(zhì)的背景下更清楚地辨別分段,便于精確地進(jìn)行肝段或聯(lián)合肝段切除。區(qū)金銳等認(rèn)為該法優(yōu)越于半肝阻斷法[33]。肝段血流阻斷法體現(xiàn)了一種精準(zhǔn)外科手術(shù)的理念,它可以最大限度地減少預(yù)留肝臟的缺血損傷,并且可以準(zhǔn)確切除需要切除的肝段。但是,該法操作復(fù)雜,手術(shù)者需要具備很高的手術(shù)技能和對(duì)肝臟內(nèi)管道走行的準(zhǔn)確解剖手法,是一種高難度手術(shù),只有高年資外科醫(yī)生才能完成。
隨著對(duì)熱缺血再灌注理論研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)間斷阻斷入肝血流的時(shí)間越短,對(duì)肝臟的缺血再灌注損傷越輕微,基于此觀點(diǎn)Ozmen MM等于2003年提出保留肝動(dòng)脈間斷阻斷門靜脈的入肝血流阻斷法,其研究認(rèn)為每次阻斷時(shí)間不超過(guò)10 min,間斷開放10 min,術(shù)后對(duì)肝臟損傷輕微,與連續(xù)阻斷組相比有明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[34]。Nagano H等于2009年在文獻(xiàn)中闡述了相同阻斷方法[35]。其缺點(diǎn)主要是術(shù)中需要反復(fù)阻斷開放門靜脈,開放時(shí)為減少出血需要停止手術(shù),并需壓迫肝創(chuàng)面,這樣延長(zhǎng)了手術(shù)時(shí)間,臨床應(yīng)用較繁瑣,此方法目前尚限于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),未見臨床應(yīng)用報(bào)道。
從肝門血流阻斷方法的演進(jìn)過(guò)程來(lái)看,從最初的簡(jiǎn)單的完全阻斷肝門技術(shù),到逐漸探索一種既有較好的肝切除時(shí)的止血效果,又最大限度地減少因阻斷對(duì)肝臟產(chǎn)生損傷和對(duì)全身血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響的入肝血流阻斷方法,100多年來(lái),肝門阻斷方法幾經(jīng)改良更新,取得很大的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,但是仍然沒有一種近于完美的肝門阻斷方法。隨著近些年各種止血設(shè)備和器械的研發(fā),如超聲止血刀、微波止血刀、刮吸止血刀等對(duì)肝臟手術(shù)的止血取得很好的效果,部分肝切除手術(shù)甚至不需要進(jìn)行入肝血流的阻斷,將這些止血技術(shù)和入肝血流的阻斷方法進(jìn)行相互補(bǔ)充融合,對(duì)肝門阻斷方法的改進(jìn)及探索新的肝門阻斷方法必然產(chǎn)生重大影響。
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Objective Deeply investigate hepatic blood flow occlusion methods used during hepatectomy.Methods Classify hepatic blood flow occlusion methods by retrieving Full-text database of China Hospital Know ledge Database and MEDLINE-related literatures and objectively assess advantages and disadvantages of each method.Results Pringle method was the firstmethod controlling blood loss of liver sections used in hepatectomy.Thismethod was simple and easy.Also,it is currently the most-w ide clinical application method.However,the time can't be too long,or it will cause serious ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver,especially for patients with inherent basis liver lesion.Total hepatic blood flow occlusion has good effect on blood loss control during hepatectomy,but ischemia-reperfusion injury should be taken seriously;blood flow occlusion of half liver and half hepatic blood flow occlusion retaining hepatic artery reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver to certain extent,but they can only be used for patients that surgical operation is carried out at the half liver on one side.The application range is subject to certain limitations.Blood flow occlusion method of hepatic segment is a good occlusion method for surgical operation that tumor is smaller and confined to one hepatic segment or adjacent hepatic segments.But as complex operation and difficult positioning,it only can be carried out by surgeons with good anatomical know ledge and many-year qualification in some hospitals with bettermedical conditions.Conclusion It is an important technology in hepatectomy to carry out hepatic blood flow occlusion and control blood loss of liver sections.Currently,clinically-used controlmethods have various advantages and disadvantages.It is required to further research and investigate for exploring one hepatic blood flow occlusion method that has better hemostatic effect and can minimize the damage of occlusion to liver and influence of occlusion on systemic hemodynamics.
Hepatic pedicle;Occlusion method;Hepatectomy
1005-619X(2011)03-0196-03
國(guó)家傳染病防治科技重大專項(xiàng)基金(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2008ZX10002-26)
2010-11-04)
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