何榮惠

書面表達(dá)是一個綜合性很強的題目,要求考生運用所學(xué)語言知識,將試題提供的圖、表或提綱呢等信息寫成一篇內(nèi)容完整、表達(dá)流暢、語言地道的文章,它要求考生不僅有豐富的詞匯和語法知識,而且有比較強的語言表達(dá)能力和邏輯思維能力。

從歷年高考應(yīng)試卷來看,書面表達(dá)都是指導(dǎo)性寫作,即按照試題所給素材框架進(jìn)行寫作。既然是“書面表達(dá)“,它不同于語文的作文,可以隨意發(fā)揮,也不同于單句翻譯,要有適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮或增添適當(dāng)?shù)募?xì)節(jié)。

考生要寫好一篇書面表達(dá)必須做到行文切題,緊扣主題,不遺漏要點并且意思連貫,文理通順,語言準(zhǔn)確得當(dāng)。

考試大綱要求考生根據(jù)題示進(jìn)行書面表達(dá),考生應(yīng)能:

1.準(zhǔn)確使用語法和詞匯;

2.使用一定的句型和詞匯來清楚、連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思。

考生需保證在正確使用語法、詞匯、句型寫出意義通順、表達(dá)基本準(zhǔn)確的前提下適當(dāng)使用一些較高級的詞匯和句式,并使用語篇結(jié)構(gòu)詞,使段落內(nèi)、篇章內(nèi)語義通順,邏輯連貫。

高考書面表達(dá)新評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語言的運用上對考生提出了更高的要求,在強調(diào)了語言準(zhǔn)確性上更加注重用詞的得體性,表達(dá)方式的多樣性以及語言的連貫性,因此增強書面表達(dá)用詞效果是提高書面表達(dá)得分策略的核心。

鼓勵考生使用較高級詞匯、詞組以增加文采

一、嘗試使用形容詞和副詞,既增強了文章的表現(xiàn)力,又使語言生動形象。

例1. Some of the students think it is no use going to college because it is extremely difficultto get asatisfactoryjob

例2 It is_strongly_ recommended that we should cultivate the good habit of takingregular exercise

二、嘗試適當(dāng)介使用詞短語

例1. The manager had many problems to solve. He looked worried.

With many problems to solve, the manager looked worried.

例2. When he arrived home , he found his house freshly painted.

On his arrival home , he found his house freshly painted.

三、過渡詞的恰當(dāng)使用

1.表示羅列增加

besides / whats more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /especially/ In particular/as well as

2.表示解釋說明

in addition, for example, for instance,in this case,in fact,actually

3.表示時間順序

at present, recently, after a while, firstly, secondly, lastly, to begin with,all of a sudden,

from then on,at the same time, meanwhile

4表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

however, while, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, except ,(for), after all

5.表示條件關(guān)系

as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless

6.表示因果關(guān)系

now that, thanks to..., due to..., therefore, as a result (of)

7.表示讓步關(guān)系

as, even if, even though, whether ...or...

8.表示強調(diào)

indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,

9.表示概括歸納

in a word, in short, in brief, generally speaking, as far as I know, As we know, as has been stated,as I have shown, As far as I am concerned, in summary

高考書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔中有這樣一段話:“應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯誤,但是盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或高級詞匯所致;具備較強的語言運用能力?！?/p>

這就是說僅運用基本的句型,很難體現(xiàn)出較強的語言運用能力,即使表達(dá)沒有錯誤,也得不了高分;相反,有個別的錯誤,但目的在于有意識地使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯,仍屬于高檔次。

由此可見要提高書面表達(dá)檔次,不僅要寫出用詞準(zhǔn)確/邏輯清晰、簡潔明了、可讀性強的好句子,還應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)實際情況靈活運用各種句式。也就是說,要想寫出一篇高檔次的文章,還應(yīng)做到:

A.學(xué)會運用非謂語動詞使文章的句子變得更加簡潔,以增加文采,豐富語句的表現(xiàn)力,

例1 因為蘇珊生病了,所以她不能去上學(xué)。

(1)Susan was ill in hospital.She couldnt go to the concert. (現(xiàn)在分詞)

(2)Being ill in hospital, Susan couldnt go to the concert.

B.靈活變換句式,充分運用各種不同的表達(dá)方式來豐富文章的句式,使行文表達(dá)更加流暢有力。

下面就結(jié)合具體的例子介紹一下如何靈活變化句式。

1.簡單句→并列句→復(fù)合句

例1 我母親喜愛音樂,我父親也是。

(1)Both my mother and my father are fond of music

(2)My mother likes music and my father likes music ,too/as well.

(3)My mother likes music ,so does my father。

沒有公共汽車,我們只好步行回家。

例2 There being no bus ,we had to walk home ./Because of no bus ,we had to walk home .

(1)There was no bus ,and we had to walk home.

(2)As /Because there was no bus ,we had to walk home.

2主動語態(tài)→被動語態(tài)

例1 所有的老師都對他的腳法做出了高度評價。

(1)All of the teachers speak highly of his teaching methods.

(2)His teaching methods are highly thought of by all the teachers .

(河南省平頂山市四十一中)