劉玉梅　程強(qiáng)申

縱觀近年廣東高考試題及各地模擬題,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法填空中出現(xiàn)了一些結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。也許是命題者想通過(guò)增加句子長(zhǎng)度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式,從而考查考生在篇章層面上理解并運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。

從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)句子中,除了謂語(yǔ)之外,其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。從功能來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)有三類從句,即:①名詞性從句,包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;②定語(yǔ)從句;③狀語(yǔ)從句。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(過(guò)去分詞除外),也可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分,構(gòu)成一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn),使英語(yǔ)句子從理論上講可以無(wú)限延長(zhǎng)。

這些長(zhǎng)難句對(duì)考生解題似乎產(chǎn)生一定影響,現(xiàn)將其歸類并逐一加以分析。

類型一:復(fù)合句和并列句

有些句子較長(zhǎng),有時(shí)甚至出現(xiàn)一個(gè)從句套另一個(gè)從句環(huán)環(huán)相扣的情況,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。

例如1:(2007年廣東卷) “Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to___32___should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.”

全句是一個(gè)由when連接的并列句,并列連詞when 意為“就在這時(shí)”。前一分句前有作狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)Cursing my misfortune,分句中還有where引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;在第二個(gè)并列分句中含有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,而賓語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾villagers;在這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中的復(fù)合介詞as to (至于) 后還接有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。32空 要填的詞是引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句且在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),指人,所以答案為 who。

例2:(2009佛山二模) In Japan,for example,it is normal for the woman to send chocolates to the man, ___37___in Korea April 14th is known as “Black Day” and is when the unfortunate men who received nothing on Valentines Day gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other.

因In Japan, it is…與in Korea April 14th is…兩句之間沒(méi)有連詞或分號(hào)應(yīng)當(dāng)填連詞,兩句之間是對(duì)比關(guān)系,故填并列連詞while。在后一分句中when(是……的時(shí)候)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,在表語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)the unfortunate men后接定語(yǔ)從句who received nothing on Valentines Day,而gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other是并列謂語(yǔ)。

類型二:復(fù)雜修飾成分

句子本不難,但是修飾成分多且長(zhǎng)。在同一個(gè)句子里既有從句又有介詞短語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),且都不止一個(gè)。

例3:(2009茂名一模)In Indonesia, where Obama lived___35___a child, hundreds of students at his former elementary school erupted in cheers when he36___(declare) winner, pouring into the courtyard___37___they hugged, danced in the rain and chanted “Obama! Obama!”

這個(gè)句子的主句為hundreds of students erupted in cheers。這個(gè)句子修飾語(yǔ)很多:①地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)In Indonesia,后跟where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)Indonesia 起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用;②由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;③現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) pouring into the courtyard作狀語(yǔ),后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句中有三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。(答案:35. as 36. was declared 37. where)

例4:(2009肇慶質(zhì)量檢測(cè)) Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use), Iapplied, fearing as I did so, that___33___a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.

這個(gè)句子的主句為I applied。前面兩個(gè)并列的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use),做原因狀語(yǔ);后面一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)fearing作伴隨狀語(yǔ),fearing后跟as 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句和that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;在that my chances of getting the job were slim這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中,兩個(gè)并列的介詞短語(yǔ)without a degree and with no experience of teaching在賓語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。(32. useful 33. without)

類型三:分隔結(jié)構(gòu)

有些句子將語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語(yǔ)法成分分隔開來(lái)。考試中出現(xiàn)較多的是先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句的分隔,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的分隔。

例5:(2007年廣東卷)“While she was getting me___34(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my Car to pull it to___35___small town some 20 kilometers away___36___there was a garage.”

由 36空(where)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞a small town之間被some 20 kilometers away分隔開了,對(duì)解題造成一定難度。(34. settled35. a36. where)

例6:Some are young people___37, for one reason or another, have left home and have nowhere to live.

主句為Some are young people。先行詞 young people后接定語(yǔ)從句,其中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞與從句的謂語(yǔ)被for one reason or another分割。

例7:(2008廣州二模) But the lives of the ancient people who once lived around the lake and___31___culture was thought to be highly advanced, have long remained a secret.

句子的主干是the lives of the ancient people have long remained a secret. 在the ancient people后面帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo), 另一個(gè)由whose 引導(dǎo),主句的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間隔著兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。(31. whose)

鞏固練習(xí)

按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法性和上下文連貫的要求, 在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號(hào)中詞語(yǔ)的正確形式填空。

1.(2009年廣東卷)Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not___33___pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet or___34___(push)you with their elbows(肘部),hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

2.(2009廣州一模)The boy, who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home,___34___(reply) in a way that shocked his father.

3.(2009廣州一模)He envied the farmers who had the beautiful night stars to give them light35___his family had only expensive lanterns.

4.(2009汕頭一模)38he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child39___had put it there.

5.(2009廣州調(diào)研)From that day the cat,___40___never finished and lost his place on the calendar, became the enemy of the rat.

6.(2008深圳一模)All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl,___35___smile just melted me___36___almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of___37___life is all about.

7.(2008佛山二模)They broke through two glass doors,___36___(run) to the museums top floor and grabbed the two paintings from different rooms, somehow___37___(avoid) nearby guards.

8. But each time you try something,you learn,and___39___the learning piles up,the world opens to you.

9. He got some odd bits of cloth,___38___(make) two rolls with them, and had his ears plugged with the two cloth rolls.

10. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home,___38___(choose) to go to a city and live on the streets.

11. But now, he will probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper,___32___(leave) the lady standing33___someone else gets off.

12. There are moments in life___31___you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!

13. The custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest Chinas Sichuan Province, and___32___(remain) in fashion___33the end of the Qing Dynasty.

14. These visitors from all parts of the country brought in money, but the rubbish they left___36___(draw) more and more rats onto the island.

15. So now,___38___I travel, I always bear in mind what I should bring in,___39___I dont want to bring anything that is strange,___40___(need) or even dangerous to my destination.

參考答案

1. (33. a34. pushed )

2. (34. replied.)

3. (35. while/because/as )

4. (38. Whenever/When 39. who)

5. (40. who)

6. (35. whose36. and37. what)

7. (36. ran 37. avoiding )

8. (39. as)

9. (38. made)

10. (38. choosing)

11. (32. leaving 33. until)

12. (31. when)

13. (32. remained33. until/till)

14. (36. drew)

15. (38. whenever 39. because 40. unneeded)

責(zé)任編校蔣小青