羅麗虹

筆者從2009年高考評卷分析會(huì)上了解到:2009年高考語法填空題平均分為6.4分(滿分為15分),主要錯(cuò)在32、35、36、39和40題。其中,得分率最低的是32題,答對率只有1.2%。錯(cuò)誤主要集中在動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、介詞和從句連接詞。由此可見,語法填空題的提高應(yīng)從以上這幾個(gè)語法點(diǎn)去突破。

語法填空題分為兩種題型,一種是純空格題,另一種是用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。后一種題型主要涉及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較等級、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等語法考點(diǎn)。由于篇幅有限,本文只對用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空這一考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行解讀。

備考這類試題須注意以下幾點(diǎn):

一、分清謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞

在語法填空題中,要根據(jù)上下文填寫所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式,首先要判斷它在句中充當(dāng)謂語還是非謂語。判斷的方法是:

(1)若句中沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞,所給動(dòng)詞就是謂語動(dòng)詞;

(2)若句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞,又不是并列謂語時(shí),所給的動(dòng)詞就是非謂語動(dòng)詞。如:

1. Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not a pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet or___34___(push)you with their elbows(肘部),hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. (2009年廣東)

2. Being too anxious to help an event develop often___40___(result)in the contrary to our intention. (2008年廣東)

3. The sun was setting when my car___31___(break) down near a remote and poor village. (2007年廣東)

4. She wished that he was as easy___32___(please)as her mother,who was always delighted with perfume.(2009年廣東)

5. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop___32___(help) it grow”, is based on the following story.(2008年廣東)

6. While she was getting me___34___(settle)into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to. a small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage. (2007年廣東)

1、2、3題所考的動(dòng)詞都在句中充當(dāng)謂語。

第1題由并列連詞or得知,push和stepped為并列謂語,兩者時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)當(dāng)一致,故此空應(yīng)填pushed。

第2題中Being too anxious to help an event develop是主語,句中缺謂語,故result充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞;指客觀真理,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以填results。

第3題中when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中缺謂語動(dòng)詞,由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,用一般過去式,填broke。

4、5、6題所考的動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)非謂語。

第4題的wish賓語從句中,was easy是系表結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)謂語,please應(yīng)為非謂語形式;在形容詞后充當(dāng)狀語,用不定式形式,故填to please。

第5題中,The proverb is based on the following story是一個(gè)簡單句,“plucking up a crop___32___(help) it grow” 是動(dòng)名詞短語,與the proverb 是同位關(guān)系;help it grow是plucking up a crop的目的,作目的狀語,用不定式,故填to help。

第6題中,while從句中已有謂語was getting,settle應(yīng)為非謂語;在句中作賓語me的補(bǔ)足語,且me與settle是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填過去分詞settled。

此外,我們可以運(yùn)用五個(gè)基本句式分析確定所填詞應(yīng)該是謂語還是非謂語。句型觀察:

(1)S+_____ + O.

(2)S+V…+conj. + S+ _______.

(3)S+ _____+conj. +S+V.

以上三種句型主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,橫線上應(yīng)該填謂語,注意時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。

(4)S +V … conj.(when, while, after…) +_______.

(5)S + V + ...(,) ________.

以上兩種句型主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整,橫線上應(yīng)該填非謂語,注意形式。

二、同時(shí)考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

一旦確定所給詞在句中作謂語,就要根據(jù)主語與該動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系確定是用主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài);同時(shí),根據(jù)語境或特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)確定用某種時(shí)態(tài)。常見的與各類時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語如下:

此外,還有幾個(gè)特殊句型中的時(shí)態(tài):

1. was /were about to do…when sb did

We were about to leave when hearrived. 我們正要離開時(shí),他來了。

2. was /were doing when sb did

We were walking in the street when Ifounda wallet on the ground. 我們正在街上走著,突然我發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有個(gè)錢包。

3. 在先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾的定語從句中,要用完成時(shí)。

He is the cleverest student Ihave ever taught.

She thoughtthatwasthe best film shehad ever seen.

4. 在先行詞是 the first/second time 的定語從句中, 也要用完成時(shí)。

This is the third time Ihave visitedthe museum.

That was the second time hehad beenthere.

從2009年高考語法填空題40題的答題情況來看,考生對動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)掌握還不是很好。我們在備考中可利用各省市的高考真題來突破。

三、掌握非謂語的功能結(jié)構(gòu)

在確定要填入非謂語動(dòng)詞后,要考慮選擇用-ing 形式、-ed形式,還是選用不定式形式,確定的方式有:

1. 作主語或賓語,通常用-ing 形式,有時(shí)也用不定式;

2. 作目的狀語、only 后的結(jié)果狀語、情感形容詞或動(dòng)詞后的原因狀語,一般用不定式;

3. 若判斷用分詞,作賓補(bǔ)、狀語或定語,與邏輯主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用-ing 形式,是被動(dòng)關(guān)系用-ed 形式;表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行用-ing 形式,表示已經(jīng)完成用-ed 形式。

4. 作表語時(shí),-ing 形式多表示主語具有的特征,-ed 形式多表示主語的狀態(tài)。

此外,還有一些?？嫉姆侵^語結(jié)構(gòu)要注意:

1. easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, comfortable 等形容詞后面跟不定式,且不定式要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

2. Its + adj.+of/ for sb to do sth 句式。

3. sb find/ consider/ think/ make/ feel it +adj./ n. + to do sth句式。

4. 在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞后,在see, watch, look at, observe, feel, hear, listen to, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后,作賓補(bǔ)的不定式省略“to”。

5. have no choice / alternative but to do“除……外別無選擇”。

6. cant help but do / cant but do“禁不住做/不得不做……”。

7. do nothing but do“只能做……”。

7. Its no good/ use doing “……是沒用的”。

8. There is no + doing (=its impossible to do)“無法知道……”。

There is no knowing when he will come.誰也不知道他什么時(shí)候來。

9. 某些動(dòng)詞后要求用-ing 作賓語,不能用不定式,常見的有admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider(考慮),delay, deny, enjoy, escape, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過),mention, permit, practice, quit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等。

10. to 作介詞的短語,后用-ing 作賓語。如:adapt to, adjust to, apply to, be used to (習(xí)慣于),get used/ accustomed to, get down to (開始做……),object to, contribute to, devote oneself to, look forward to, react to, prefer…to 等。

11. 某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)和短語后也只接-ing 作賓語。如:be busy doing, cant help doing (禁不住),be caught doing (做某事被逮住),be worth doing (主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)),feel like doing等。

12. 在動(dòng)詞remember, forget, regret, stop, try, mean后可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定式,但意義不同。如:

I remember seeing him somewhere. 我記得在某地見過他。

Remember to turn off the light before you leave. 走前記得要關(guān)燈。責(zé)任編校蔣小青