馬　澤　趙曉黎

摘要句法以句子為對(duì)象,研究句子的形式和用法。句子是人們傳遞信息、表達(dá)或交流思想的語言單位,更準(zhǔn)確的說,句子是能夠單獨(dú)存在并能表達(dá)一個(gè)相對(duì)完整意思的語言單位。本文通過典型實(shí)例,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分,將句子分為三種類型:簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,以使句子更加容易正確理解。簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是英語表達(dá)中最基本的句型。在閱讀中,常常需要借助于劃分句子成分來幫助理解句意;在書面表達(dá)中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力也是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚作者的思想。

關(guān)鍵詞 句子結(jié)構(gòu) 句型 熱點(diǎn) 考查

句子成分;簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

根據(jù)語法形式,即句子的結(jié)構(gòu),英語的句子可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

一、 簡(jiǎn)單句(Simple Sentences):只包含一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(或并列謂語動(dòng)詞)。英語簡(jiǎn)單句由于所用的主要?jiǎng)釉~不同(即系動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞三種),就產(chǎn)生了簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型。

(一)主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語 (SVP) 如:

We are teachers.

主 謂

系動(dòng)詞包括下面幾種:

1. 表示感覺、視覺的系動(dòng)詞

feel, seem, appear, look, taste, smell, sound等

2. 表示變化的系動(dòng)詞

turn, become, get, grow, go, come, run, fall等

3. 表示保持某種狀態(tài)的系動(dòng)詞

keep, be, stay, remain, continue, stand, sit等

以上所有這些系動(dòng)詞都可以直接跟形容詞。

簡(jiǎn)單句根據(jù)使用目的(用途)分為四種:

1). 陳述句:用來敘述一項(xiàng)肯定或否定句的事實(shí),句末用句號(hào),讀降調(diào)。

如:My sister is six years old;。

2). 疑問句: 用來提出問題?？梢苑譃樗姆N:一般(反問句或者說否定疑問句)、特殊、選擇、反意.

如:Is she sixteen or seventeen years old?

3). 祈使句:表示請(qǐng)求、命令、勸告、建議、號(hào)召等。一般省去主語。

如: Don't talk in the room.

4). 感嘆句:表示喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情。句末用“!”號(hào),讀降調(diào)。 感嘆句主要由what和how引導(dǎo)。what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。

如:How clever my sister is!

(二)主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞(SV)如:

The rain stopped.

主 謂

(三)主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 (SVO)如:

We like the delicious food.

主 謂

(四)主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 (S V o O)

Tom tells him the way to the station.

主謂

(五)主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)語,(S V O C)如:

He called me Amanda.

主謂

二、并列句(Compound Sentences):包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句(構(gòu)成并列句的簡(jiǎn)單句常被叫做分句),句與句之間通常用并列連詞或逗號(hào)來連接,如:

We help them and they help us.

主 謂主 謂

The food was good, but he had little appetite.

主謂 主 謂

(一)并列句的分類

常用的并列連詞可以分為四種,它們分別表示不同的關(guān)系:

1. 平行關(guān)系and, as well as, along with, not only… but (also)…, neither…nor..

如:The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John.

2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 but, yet, however, nevertheless, while

如:He is young, but he knows how to take care of him.

3. 選擇關(guān)系 or, otherwise, rather than, either…or…

如:Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.

4. 因果關(guān)系 for, so therefore, hence

如:The weather is fine, so I want to go shopping.

三、復(fù)合句(Complex Sentences):有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),通常由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)分句構(gòu)成。 在復(fù)合句中,主句是句子的主體,通?？梢元?dú)立存在;從句是主句的一個(gè)句子成分,不能獨(dú)立存在,但它也有主語部分和謂語部分。可以根據(jù)從句在主句中所發(fā)揮的語法功能對(duì)復(fù)合句進(jìn)行分類:名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬于復(fù)合句。

如:I was about to leave, when the telephone rang.

主句從句

He said that he would come.

主句從句

(一)名詞性從句: 在句子中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語與同位語的句子分別叫做主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句, 這些統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。

1. 主語從句 :在復(fù)合句中用作主語的從句叫主語從句。

為了保持句子平衡,主語從句常用it作形式主語,將主語從句后置。用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種:

1)It is + 名詞 + that從句

2)It is + 形容詞 + that從句

2. 賓語從句:在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語。它可以作主句謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語,也可以作介詞的賓語。

如:He asked his girlfriend if she has received his letter.

3. 表語從句:放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語。

如:The problem is that the family is short of money right now.

4. 同位語從句:用于對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般由that引導(dǎo)。同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision等后面。

如:The news that he will come to see me makes me happy.

(二)定語從句:在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞、詞組或代詞的從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞引出。

1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。其中that 可以修飾人或物,在句中做主語或賓語,which 用來修飾物,在句中做主語或賓語,who 用來修飾人在句中做主語或賓語, whom用來修飾人在句中做主賓語, whose可以修飾人或物,在句中做定語(若指物,它還可以同of which互換),as可以修飾人或物或事情,在句中做主語或賓語。

如:Thats the teacher who /that teaches us English.

He is the man (whom /that)she is looking for.

The professor whose husband teaches you English has been to Germany.

The house whose(of which) windows were damaged has been repaired.

2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等

1) when指時(shí)間,在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語,

如:well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.

2) Where 指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,

如:This is the place where I studied in my childhood.

3) Why 指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語,

如:Is this the reason why she refused his offer?

3. 限制性和非限制性定語從句

定語從句分限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句兩種。

1) 限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語從句,如果將這種定語從句省去,主句的意思就會(huì)不完整或不明確。不用逗號(hào)分開.

如: She is the nurse who looks after my uncle.

2) 非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞的附加說明,如果將這種定語從句省去,也不至于影響主句的意思,它和主句之間常用逗號(hào)分開,

如: The gift is from my mother, who is working in the factory.

4. as 可作為關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句

1) as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

如:He is from Beijing, as you know.

He is from Beijing, which you know.

2) 關(guān)系代詞常出現(xiàn)在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。

如:Such books as you bought are useful.

The school is just the same as it was 20 years age.

Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.

as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),但不同之處主要位置上:as可置于句首也可在另處,而which不可置于句首。

如:As you know , he is from Beijing.

He is from Beijing, which you know.

5. 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

1) 關(guān)系代詞that 與which 用法的區(qū)別

(1) which 可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,that 則不能,

如: He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.

(2)Which 之前可以有介詞,that 之前則不能,

如: This is the house in which Tom used to live.

2) 只能用that,而不能用 which 的情況

(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few,none 等不定代詞時(shí),

如: That is all that I want to tell you.

(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),

如: The first place that I visited in China was the Great Wall.

This is the most beautiful place that I have seen.

(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the just 等詞修飾時(shí),

如: Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

(4)當(dāng)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí),

如:He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.

(5) 當(dāng)主句已有疑問詞who或which時(shí),

如: Who that you have even seen can do better?

Which are the books that you bought for me?

(6) 如果有兩個(gè)定語從句,其中一句的關(guān)系代詞是 which ,另一句則用that,

如: Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

(三)狀語從句: 在復(fù)合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。

1. 時(shí)間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever等引導(dǎo)。

如: I can't recognize you. You have changed a lot since I met you last time.

2. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。

如:Anywhere she goes, her brother goes too.

3. 原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo)。

如:Mary eats ice-cream so much because she likes sweet food.

4. 目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that...等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

如:Jim got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.

5. 結(jié)果狀語從句通常由so that..., so...that...等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過去時(shí)態(tài)。

如:Tom lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.

6. 讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。

如: She wears a T-shirt though it is cold today.

7. 條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語從句不允許使用將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。

如:You will fail in the coming final exams unless you work as hard as you can.

If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we shall go skating.

參考書目

[1] 張光珞,英語必備大全。內(nèi)蒙古:內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)出版社,2005。

[2] 薄冰,薄冰英語語法詳解。山西:山西教育出版社,2004。

[3] 陸林,大學(xué)英語語法。天津:南開大學(xué)出版社,2007。