杜 蕾

一、 詞類

①名詞n.表示人或事物的名稱:China、boy、the Great Wall。②冠詞art. 用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或者事:a、an、the。③代詞 pron.用來(lái)代替名詞,形容詞和數(shù)詞:he、she、we、us、this、that、it。④形容詞adj. 用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或食物的特征:big、small、old。⑤副詞adv. 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或者其他副詞:early ,only, quite。⑥數(shù)詞num. 表示數(shù)量或順序:one、two、first、second。⑦介詞prep. 表示名詞代詞等和句中其他關(guān)系的詞:about、for、on。⑧動(dòng)詞v. 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài):go、say、do。⑨連詞conj. 用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句子與句子:and、but、or、so。⑩感嘆詞interjection 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等感情:oh、hello、hi。

二、 句子的成分

三、 時(shí)態(tài)

從時(shí)間上,劃分為四大類:現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。從形式上,劃分為四大類:一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式、完成進(jìn)行式。表示各種時(shí)間和動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞形式?？偣彩?6種時(shí)態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

過(guò)去式:用于過(guò)去時(shí);(動(dòng)詞)過(guò)去分詞:用于完成時(shí);(動(dòng)詞)現(xiàn)在分詞:用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。

(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài),常和表頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(always、usually、often、sometimes)。如:I am a student. / He is a boy. / I have two sisters. / She works hard every day.

(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)。過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(yesterday、last year、two days ago)。如:He was late for school yesterday. / I lived in Shenzhen last year.

(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)。將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(tomorrow、next month、in two days)。如:I shall go to visit my grandmother next week. / I will write to you as soon as possible.一般將來(lái)時(shí)還可以用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形表示 I am going to do my homework.

(4)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài):would/should + 動(dòng)詞原形。如:I didn't know if he would come. 我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。

(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或者發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now連用:is/am/are + 現(xiàn)在分詞。如:I am working now.

(6)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)(正在)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:was/were + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。如:I was drinking. / They were drinking.

(7)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:will/shall + 現(xiàn)在分詞。如:I shall/will be leaving。

(8)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:should/would + 現(xiàn)在分詞。如:They said they would be coming. 他們說(shuō)了他們將要來(lái)。

(9)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。過(guò)去發(fā)生并且已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果:have/has + 過(guò)去分詞。如:I have spent all of my money.(現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢花了.) He has returned from abroad. (現(xiàn)在已在此地)

(10)過(guò)去完成時(shí)。表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即過(guò)去的過(guò)去:had + 過(guò)去分詞。如:I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。

(11)將來(lái)完成時(shí)。將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作:shall/will + have+過(guò)去分詞。如:Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)Kevin該有10年了吧?

(12)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)。過(guò)去某一時(shí)間對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻以前所會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:Should/would + have + 過(guò)去分詞。如:He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。

(13)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作:have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞。如:We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了。

(14)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作:had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞。如:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

(15)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間:shall/will + have been +現(xiàn)在分詞。如:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year. 到今年年底,我將在這個(gè)工廠工作20年了。

(16)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。從過(guò)去某時(shí)看到未來(lái)某時(shí)以前會(huì)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作: should/would+ have been +現(xiàn)在分詞。如:By the end of the month he will have been living here for ten years.到了月底他在這里居住就十年了。

(武漢開(kāi)能外國(guó)語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校)