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        小議虛擬語氣

        2009-04-08 10:05:14李育芳
        知識(shí)窗·教師版 2009年9期
        關(guān)鍵詞:條件句同位語助動(dòng)詞

        李育芳

        虛擬語氣是表示說話人所說的話并不是事實(shí),而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測(cè)。虛擬語氣歷來是英語語法中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),下面就虛擬語氣來做一個(gè)歸納。

        一、條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

        條件狀語從句有兩種情況:一種是真實(shí)條件句,即條件中所談到的情況完全有可能發(fā)生,這時(shí)要用陳述語氣;另一種是非真實(shí)條件句,這時(shí)主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語氣。

        1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句用一般過去時(shí),be的過去式一般用were,主句用would/should/could/might+動(dòng)原。

        如:If the weather were fine today,we would go to shanghai.

        2.表示與過去事實(shí)相反,從句用過去完成時(shí),主句用would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞。

        如:If we had known his telephone number,we would have telephoned him yesterday.

        3.表示與將來事實(shí)相反的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以用三種形式,一般過去時(shí),should+動(dòng)詞原形,were+to do sth;主句用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。

        如:If it rained(should rain/were to rain)tomorrow,our plan would be put off.

        4.虛擬語氣中的條件狀語從句中如果有助動(dòng)詞were、had或should時(shí),可將if去掉,把這三個(gè)助動(dòng)詞提前構(gòu)成倒裝句,但主句不能倒裝。

        如:If I were at school again,I would study harder.

        =Were I at school again,I would study harder.

        If it should snow tomorrow,all the flowers would die.

        =Should it snow tomorrow,all the flowers would die.

        If you had come earlier,you would have met the singer.

        =Had you come earlier,you would have met the singer.

        5.有時(shí)常用副詞、連詞、介詞短語but for、without、or、otherwise等來表示非真實(shí)的條件句,有時(shí)連這些都沒有,而隱含在上下文中。

        如:①But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.

        ②Without air,there would be no living things.

        ③I was so busy then,otherwise,I would have told him the answer.

        ④It rained yesterday,or I would have gone camping.

        6.當(dāng)條件句和主句的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),從句根據(jù)從句去做,主句根據(jù)主句來做。

        如:①If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning,I would not be caught in the rain now.

        從句指過去,主句指現(xiàn)在。

        ②If we had not got everything ready by now,We should be having a more terrible time tomorrow.

        從句指到現(xiàn)在,主句指將來。

        7.由if only引導(dǎo)的句子意思為“要是……就好了”,也是一種虛擬的條件句。

        如:①If only I had followed his advice,I would succeed now.

        從句指與過去的事實(shí)相反。

        ②If only I were a bird now.

        與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。

        二、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

        1.Wish/would rather+從句,從句要用虛擬語氣。

        如:①I wish you had not been there when the accident happened.

        ②I would rather you came tomorrow.

        2.在一些表示欲望、請(qǐng)求、建議、命令、要求等主觀愿望的動(dòng)詞suggest、order、demand、desire、advise、insist、require、propose等后的賓語從句常用should+動(dòng)詞原形來表示虛擬語氣,其中should常可省略。

        如:①They insited that he (should) not stay in the hotel.

        ②I suggest we(should)go shopping together.

        由這些動(dòng)詞派生出來的名詞如suggestion、order、advice等如接表語從句或同位語從句,表語從句或同位語從句也必須使用snould+動(dòng)詞原形來表示虛擬語氣,其中should也可省略。

        如:①M(fèi)y suggestion is that we (should) go shopping together and buy a new bed.

        ②He gave the order that the test (should) be finished before six.

        三、as if、as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

        as if /as though還可用在一些系動(dòng)詞之后引導(dǎo)的表語從句中,如果從句里講的情況不是事實(shí),要用虛擬語氣;如果與事實(shí)接近,用陳述語氣。

        如:①He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

        ②He looks as if he were ill.

        ③It is so cloudy.It looks as if it is going to rain.(與事實(shí)接近)

        四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣

        常用在It is +adj/n+that從句的句型中,that從句用should+動(dòng)詞原形,其中should可以省略。這類形容詞或名詞通常為:a pity,a shame,strange,no wonder,essential,impossible,important,natural,necessary,possible,probable,urgent等。

        如:①It is a great pity that he (should) be so proud of himself.

        ②it is important that we (should) study English well.

        在現(xiàn)代英語中,這種情況也??刹挥锰摂M語氣。

        五、在句型It is/was(high/about)time+that從句,從句通常用一般過去時(shí)來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣

        如:①It is/was high/about time that you stadied hard.

        ②It is/was time that you went to bed.

        但在現(xiàn)代英語中,從句也出現(xiàn)過用should+動(dòng)詞原形來表示虛擬語氣的。

        (作者單位:江西金溪一中)

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