虛擬語氣是中學英語中的一種特殊現(xiàn)象,但也正是由于虛擬語氣的特殊性使得很多學生聞“虛擬”而生畏,在學習中極易出錯。請看以下幾例:
① —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It _____ be, but it is now heavily polluted.
A. willB. wouldC. shouldD. must
答案:C。根據(jù)后面...but it is now heavily polluted可知該句意思是“它本來應該是美麗的,但現(xiàn)在卻被污染了”,意即“若是不被污染,它應該是美麗的”,此處考查情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣用法,should表示“本應該”。
② _____ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.
A. IfB. SinceC. ThoughD. When
答案:A。根據(jù)主從句的謂語部分的動詞形式可知這句結(jié)構(gòu)是條件句中表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,在表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中,從句用過去完成時,主句用would/ could/ might have done的形式,因此此處就是條件句的引導詞if。
中學英語的虛擬語氣可大致分四類:條件型,were型、be型和情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣。
下面就學生在各種虛擬語氣中的易犯錯誤作簡要分析:
1. 條件型虛擬語氣
(1)主從句動詞形式顛倒,如:
( × )If he would have helped me with my homework, I had done it earlier.
(?菁)If he had helped me with my homework, I would have done it earlier.
這里把主從復合句中的謂語動詞在使用虛擬語氣時的形式給顛倒了,表示與過去事實相反時,從句使用過去完成時,主句用would have done sth。
(2)動詞形式隨意使用,如:
( × )If he were live here, I would stay with him all day.
(?菁)If he lived here, I would stay with him all day.
許多考生很“喜歡”在動詞前隨意加上be動詞,虛擬語氣也不例外。造成這種問題的根本原因主要是這些考生對英語中動詞的用法規(guī)律不甚了解,語法、句型知識模糊,學習中又不善于思考,在使用時總是習慣性地隨意使用be動詞,造成動詞用法的混亂。
( × )If he was my friend, I would ask him many questions that I didn’t understand.
(?菁)If he were my friend, I would ask him many questions that I don’t understand.
該句主從句的謂語動詞都用錯了,在虛擬語氣中,若表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反,從句用一般過去時,be動詞一律使用were,主句使用would等加動詞原形,但本句主句中“我不懂的問題”說的卻是事實,應該使用陳述語氣,不能用虛擬語氣形式,因此應改為don’t understand。
(3)虛擬語氣、陳述語氣不分
在條件型虛擬語氣中有幾種特殊形式,如隱含條件句(沒有真正的條件句,而使用一些其他結(jié)構(gòu)來替代,如without, but for, otherwise等),混合條件句(主從句的時態(tài)不一致,因此虛擬語氣的形式出現(xiàn)混合現(xiàn)象)等,考生很容易陷入迷糊狀態(tài)。
( × )He hadn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
(?菁)He hasn’t come, otherwise he would have seen the famous singer.
“他沒有來”這是事實,并非虛擬語氣,若用虛擬語氣應該是If he had come, he would have seen the famous singer,這是隱含條件句的一種形式。
( × )But for the rain, the crops will all be dried to death.
(?菁)But for the rain, the crops would all have been dried to death.
本句中but for是一種能替代虛擬條件從句的介詞短語,在這里相當于If there hadn’t been the rain...可知這是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,因此主句應該改為...would have been dried...。
( × )If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would have been on our trip to Qingdao now.
(?菁)If it hadn’t rained yesterday, we would be on our trip to Qingdao now.
這是一句混合條件句,從句指的是過去時間,但主句指的是現(xiàn)在時間,在使用虛擬語氣時,主從句的動詞形式應該根據(jù)各自的時間調(diào)整,因此主句的謂語動詞應改為would be才符合句末的時間狀語now。
(4)倒裝形式誤用
在條件型虛擬語氣中,當從句中的were, should和had提至句首時,從句應該倒裝,形式是“were/ should/ had + 主語 + 謂語”,值得注意的是從句中主語和謂語的位置并未真正倒裝,只是將were, should或had提前了,并省略了連詞if,這跟普通倒裝語序不同,考生易出錯。
( × )Had done he this really, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
(?菁)Had he really done this, I wouldn’t forgive him all my life.
( × )Should does it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
(?菁)Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the activity.
2. were型虛擬語氣
were型虛擬語氣指的是一些使用虛擬語氣的句型中分別使用一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在相反,過去完成時與過去相反,be動詞一律使用were的結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的有:
(1)wish引導賓語從句
(2)as if/ though引導的從句
(3)if only引導的句子
(4)would rather that引導的句子
(5)it is time that...(謂語有兩種形式:were型和“should + 動詞原形”,但should不省略)
在使用這些結(jié)構(gòu)時,一些考生不知道要使用虛擬語氣,只是一味地根據(jù)漢語直譯,最典型的是隨意使用wish引導的句子,如:
( × )I wish you can succeed in the exam.
本來是好好的希望,但因為wish后面使用賓語從句時必須使用虛擬語氣,此句豈不成了諷刺挖苦對方,意思是他在考試中根本就不能成功?因此這句不能使用wish,應改為I hope you can succeed in the exam.
( × )He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he is really Jay Chou.
根據(jù)as if he is really Jay Chou來看,他根本就不可能是周杰倫,因此應使用虛擬語氣,as if結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬語氣,使用過去時表示與現(xiàn)在相反,be一律使用were,故此句改為He sings like crazy at the stage, as if he were really Jay Chou.
( × )I wake up only if the alarm clock rang.
only if表示“只有”,引導條件狀語從句,不用虛擬語氣;if only則表示“如果……就好了”,常使用虛擬語氣表示這種想法不能實現(xiàn)。因此這句應改為I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
3. be型虛擬語氣
be型虛擬語氣指的是虛擬語氣中使用should加動詞原形,should可省略的情況,常見的形式有:
(1)在insist, order, suggest, recommend, desire, demand, require等后面接賓語從句,或這些詞變成過去分詞后用于it is insisted/ it is ordered.../ ...等引導的主語從句,或這些詞變成名詞后引導的同位語從句。
(2)it is a pity/ shame that...
(3)it is necessary/ important/ strange/ natural...
第一類結(jié)構(gòu)最常用,尤其是insist, suggest等后接賓語從句時,考生了解得一般較好,但若改變句型,如主語從句、同位語從句后,有的考生就易犯錯。后種者句型很多考生較為陌生,出錯的可能性就更大。
( × )It is important that every member informs himself of these rules.
(?菁)It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個成員知道這些規(guī)則。
( × )It is a shame that he would have done this to his own father.
(?菁)It is a shame that he (should) do this to his own father. 他竟然這樣對待自己的親身父親真是太遺憾了。
4. 情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣
情態(tài)動詞的虛擬語氣在近幾年英語高考中考得非常頻繁,全國各地的高考卷中幾乎都有考查。但同時這種考題又很容易出錯,主要原因有二:
(1)有的情態(tài)動詞含義模糊,在表示語氣上區(qū)別起來很難,如:
If you stay here, you will (may, might, can, could, should, shall) feel hard to get along with him. 如果你留下來,你會感到跟他相處很困難。
選項中哪些詞能用?哪些詞不能用?從某種角度看都可以,這就造成使用和區(qū)別它們很困難。
(2)情態(tài)動詞除了虛擬語氣的用法外,也常用來表示推測,兩者之間易混淆,如下面都是2007年各地高考題中情態(tài)動詞在表示推測和虛擬語氣方面的區(qū)別:
① —She looks very happy. She _____ have passed the exam.(2007江蘇)
—I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.
A. shouldB. could
C. mustD. might
② My MP4 player isn’t in my bag. Where _____ I have put it?(2007福建)
A. couldB. must
C. shouldD. would
③ I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _____ have driven her there.(2007陜西)
A. couldB. must
C. mightD. should
④ —My cat’s really fat.(2007浙江)
—You _____ have given her so much food.
A. wouldn’tB. couldn’t
C. shouldn’tD. mustn’t
⑤ —Turn off the TV, Jack. _____ your homework now?(2007遼寧)
—Mum, just ten more minutes, please.
A. Should you be doing B. Shouldn’t you be doing
C. Couldn’t you be doingD. Will you be doing
答案:①C ②A ③D ④C ⑤B
①②題考查的都是情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法,第①題根據(jù)前面She looks very happy.可推測出她肯定通過考試了,因此使用must;第②題問的是“我有可能放哪里去了?”語氣不肯定,因此應使用could表示一般的推測;第③題是對“本應該開車送她去那兒而沒有做”表示責備,應使用should have done的虛擬語氣形式;同理,第④和第⑤題都是表示對不該做的做了或該做的又沒有做進行責備或批評,因而都使用should或shouldn’t來表示虛擬語氣。
編輯/梁宇清